Answer
a) $\frac{1}{3}$
b) $\frac{1}{16}$
Work Step by Step
$ x^y = z \iff \log_{x}{z} = y$
a) $\log_3{x} = -1 \rightarrow 3^{-1} = x \rightarrow x = \frac{1}{3}$
b) $\log_2{x} = -4 \rightarrow 2^{-4} = x \rightarrow x = \frac{1}{16}$
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