Chapter 3 - Exercises - Page 150b: 39

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a. Rb and Cl: Ionic bond Explanation: Rubidium (Rb) is a highly electropositive alkali metal, while chlorine (Cl) is a highly electronegative halogen. The large difference in electronegativity between these two elements will result in the complete transfer of an electron from the rubidium atom to the chlorine atom, forming a positively charged rubidium ion (Rb+) and a negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-). This type of bond, where the transfer of electrons is complete, is known as an ionic bond. d. Ba and S: Ionic bond Explanation: Barium (Ba) is an alkaline earth metal, which is highly electropositive, and sulfur (S) is a nonmetal with moderate electronegativity. The significant difference in electronegativity between these two elements will lead to the complete transfer of electrons from the barium atom to the sulfur atom, forming a positively charged barium ion (Ba2+) and a negatively charged sulfide ion (S2-). This type of bond, where the transfer of electrons is complete, is an ionic bond. b. S and S: Covalent bond Explanation: Sulfur (S) is a nonmetal with a moderate electronegativity. When two sulfur atoms interact, they will share their valence electrons to form a covalent bond, where the electrons are shared between the atoms. This type of bond, where the electrons are shared, is known as a covalent bond. e. N and P: Polar covalent bond Explanation: Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are both nonmetals, but they have a significant difference in electronegativity. Nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorus, which means that the shared electrons in the covalent bond will be unequally distributed, with a higher electron density around the nitrogen atom. This results in a polar covalent bond, where the bond has a partial ionic character due to the unequal sharing of electrons. c. C and F: Polar covalent bond Explanation: Carbon (C) is a nonmetal with moderate electronegativity, while fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element. The large difference in electronegativity between these two elements will result in the shared electrons in the covalent bond being unequally distributed, with a higher electron density around the fluorine atom. This creates a polar covalent bond, where the bond has a partial ionic character due to the unequal sharing of electrons. f. B and H: Covalent bond Explanation: Boron (B) is a metalloid with moderate electronegativity, and hydrogen (H) is a nonmetal with low electronegativity. The difference in electronegativity between these two elements is not large enough to result in a complete transfer of electrons, so they will form a covalent bond where the electrons are shared between the atoms.