Answer
See the explanation
Work Step by Step
Okay, let's repeat Exercises 31 and 33 using the electronegativities given in Fig. 3-4.
Exercise 31:
Determine the type of bond (ionic, covalent, or polar covalent) in each of the following compounds:
a) NaCl
b) H2O
c) CH4
d) HF
a) NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
Using the electronegativities from Fig. 3-4, the electronegativity difference between Na (0.93) and Cl (3.16) is 2.23. Since the electronegativity difference is greater than 1.7, this bond is considered ionic.
b) H2O (Water)
The electronegativity of H is 2.20 and the electronegativity of O is 3.44. The electronegativity difference is 1.24, which is between 0.4 and 1.7, indicating a polar covalent bond.
c) CH4 (Methane)
The electronegativity of C is 2.55 and the electronegativity of H is 2.20. The electronegativity difference is 0.35, which is less than 0.4, indicating a covalent bond.
d) HF (Hydrogen Fluoride)
The electronegativity of H is 2.20 and the electronegativity of F is 3.98. The electronegativity difference is 1.78, which is between 0.4 and 1.7, indicating a polar covalent bond.
Exercise 33:
Predict the polarity of the following bonds:
a) C-H
b) N-H
c) O-H
d) F-H
a) C-H (Carbon-Hydrogen)
The electronegativity of C is 2.55 and the electronegativity of H is 2.20. The electronegativity difference is 0.35, which is less than 0.4, indicating a nonpolar covalent bond.
b) N-H (Nitrogen-Hydrogen)
The electronegativity of N is 3.04 and the electronegativity of H is 2.20. The electronegativity difference is 0.84, which is between 0.4 and 1.7, indicating a polar covalent bond.
c) O-H (Oxygen-Hydrogen)
The electronegativity of O is 3.44 and the electronegativity of H is 2.20. The electronegativity difference is 1.24, which is between 0.4 and 1.7, indicating a polar covalent bond.
d) F-H (Fluorine-Hydrogen)
The electronegativity of F is 3.98 and the electronegativity of H is 2.20. The electronegativity difference is 1.78, which is between 0.4 and 1.7, indicating a polar covalent bond.
Comparing the answers using the electronegativities from Fig. 3-4 to the previous answers, there are no differences in the conclusions about the types of bonds and their polarity.
