Calculus: Early Transcendentals 8th Edition

Published by Cengage Learning
ISBN 10: 1285741552
ISBN 13: 978-1-28574-155-0

Chapter 7 - Section 7.8 - Improper Integrals - 7.8 Exercises - Page 535: 43

Answer

$$ S=\left\{(x, y) | x \geqslant 1,0 \leqslant y \leqslant 1 /\left(x^{3}+x\right)\right\} $$ The shaded area is the region of interest. $$ \begin{split} \text { Area } & = \ \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{3}+x} d x \\ & =\frac{1}{2} \ln 2 \end{split} $$

Work Step by Step

$$ S=\left\{(x, y) | x \geqslant 1,0 \leqslant y \leqslant 1 /\left(x^{3}+x\right)\right\} $$ The shaded area is the region of interest. $$ \begin{split} \text { Area } & = \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{3}+x} d x \\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \int_{1}^{t} \frac{1}{x\left(x^{2}+1\right)} d x \end{split} $$ Now, decompose $\frac{1}{x\left(x^{2}+1\right)}$ into its partial fractions as follows, $$ \frac{1}{x^{3}+x}=\frac{1}{x\left(x^{2}+1\right)}=\frac{A} { x}+ \frac{Bx+C} { \left(x^{2}+1\right)} $$ $\Rightarrow \quad 1=A(x^{2}+1)+x(Bx+C)= (A+B)x^{2}+Cx+A $ by comparison of the coefficients we get $A=1, C=0, B=-1.$ Thus $$ \frac{1}{x^{3}+x}=\frac{1} { x}- \frac{x} { \left(x^{2}+1\right)} $$ Now integrate the decomposed version. $$ \begin{split} \text { Area } & = \int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{x^{3}+x} d x \\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \int_{1}^{t} \frac{1}{x\left(x^{2}+1\right)} d x \\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \int_{1}^{t}\left(\frac{1}{x}-\frac{x}{x^{2}+1}\right) d x \\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \left[\ln |x|-\frac{1}{2} \ln \left|x^{2}+1\right|\right]_{1}^{t} \\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \left[ \ln \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^{2}+1}}\right]_{1}^{t}\\ & = \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \left(\ln \frac{t}{\sqrt{t^{2}+1}}-\ln \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\right) \\ & = \ln 1-\ln 2^{-1 / 2}\\ &=\frac{1}{2} \ln 2 \end{split} $$
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