Thomas' Calculus 13th Edition

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32187-896-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-32187-896-0

Chapter 10: Infinite Sequences and Series - Section 10.7 - Power Series - Exercises 10.7 - Page 612: 4

Answer

$ a.\quad R=\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}.\ \quad $Interval of convergence:$\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{3} \leq x \lt 1$ $b. \quad$ Interval of absolute convergence:$\displaystyle \quad \frac{1}{3} \lt x \lt 1$ $ c.\quad$ At $x=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3},\quad $ the series converges conditionally

Work Step by Step

(See text: "How to Test a Power Series for Convergence".) $\text{Step 1.} $ Use the Ratio Test to find the interval where the series converges absolutely. Ordinarily, $|x-a|\lt R\quad $ or $\quad a-R\lt x\lt a+R.$ $\begin{align*} \displaystyle \frac{u_{n+1}}{u_{n}}&=\displaystyle \frac{(3x-2)^{n+1}}{n+1}\div \frac{(3x-2)^{n}}{n}\\ &= \displaystyle \frac{n(3x-2)^{n+1}}{(n+1)(3x-2)^{n}}\\ &= \displaystyle \frac{n(3x-2)}{(n+1)}\\ \displaystyle \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}|\frac{n(3x-2)}{(n+1)}|&\lt 1 \\ & \text{ (...the parentheses are constant in terms of n )}\\ |3x-2|\displaystyle \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}(\frac{n}{n+1})|&\lt 1 \\ & \text{ (...the limit equals 1)}\\ |3x-2|&\lt 1 \\ -1& \lt 3x-2 \lt 1 \\ 1& \lt 3x \lt 3 \\ \displaystyle \frac{1}{3}& \lt x \lt 1 \end{align*}.$ Determine the center and radius: $a -R\lt x\lt a+R$ $\displaystyle \frac{2}{3} -\frac{1}{3}\lt x\lt \frac{2}{3} +\frac{1}{3}$ $ a=\displaystyle \frac{2}{3},\quad$ the radius is $R=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3},$ the interval of absolute convergence is $\displaystyle \frac{1}{3} \lt x \lt 1$ $\text{Step 2.} $ If the interval of absolute convergence is finite, test for convergence or divergence at each endpoint. $ x=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}\quad \Rightarrow$ $ \displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(1-2)^{n}}{n}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(-1)^{n}}{n} \qquad$ ... alternating harmonic series (convergent). $x=$1$\quad \Rightarrow$ $ \displaystyle \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(3-2)^{n}}{n}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n} \qquad$ ... harmonic series (divergent). ... At $x=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}$, the series is conditionally convergent the interval of convergence is $\displaystyle \frac{1}{3} \leq x \lt 1$ $\text{Step 3.} $ If the interval of absolute convergence is $a -R\lt x\lt a+R$, the series diverges for $|x-a|\gt R.$ So, $ a.\quad R=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3}.\ \quad $Interval of convergence:$\quad \displaystyle \frac{1}{3} \leq x \lt 1$ $b. \quad$ Interval of absolute convergence:$\displaystyle \quad \frac{1}{3} \lt x \lt 1$ $ c.\quad$ At $x=\displaystyle \frac{1}{3},\quad $ the series converges conditionally
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