Calculus: Early Transcendentals (2nd Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321947347
ISBN 13: 978-0-32194-734-5

Chapter 11 - Vectors and Vector-Valued Functions - 11.9 Curvature and Normal Vectors - 11.9 Exercises - Page 852: 26

Answer

\[\kappa = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{{3e}}\]

Work Step by Step

\[\begin{gathered} {\mathbf{r}}\left( t \right) = \left\langle {{e^t}\cos t,{e^t}\sin t,{e^t}} \right\rangle \hfill \\ {\text{Calculate }}{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right){\text{ and }}\left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right| \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) = {\mathbf{r}}'\left( t \right) \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) = \frac{d}{{dt}}\left\langle {{e^t}\cos t,{e^t}\sin t,{e^t}} \right\rangle \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) = \left\langle {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t,{e^t}\sin t + {e^t}\cos t,{e^t}} \right\rangle \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt {{{\left( {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{e^t}\sin t + {e^t}\cos t} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{e^t}} \right)}^2}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt {{e^{2t}}\left( {1 - 2\sin t\cos t} \right) + {e^{2t}}\left( {1 + 2\sin t\cos t} \right) + {e^{2t}}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt {{e^{2t}} + {e^{2t}} + {e^{2t}}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt 3 {e^t} \hfill \\ \hfill \\ {\text{Calculate }}{\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) \hfill \\ {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = {\mathbf{v}}'\left( t \right) \hfill \\ {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = \frac{d}{{dt}}\left\langle {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t,{e^t}\sin t + {e^t}\cos t,{e^t}} \right\rangle \hfill \\ {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = \left\langle { - 2{e^t}\sin t,2{e^t}\cos t,{e^t}} \right\rangle \hfill \\ \hfill \\ {\text{Calculate }}\left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right)} \right| \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\mathbf{i}}&{\mathbf{j}}&{\mathbf{k}} \\ {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}\cos t + {e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}} \\ { - 2{e^t}\sin t}&{2{e^t}\cos t}&{{e^t}} \end{array}} \right| \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{e^t}\cos t + {e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}} \\ {2{e^t}\cos t}&{{e^t}} \end{array}} \right|{\mathbf{i}} - \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}} \\ { - 2{e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}} \end{array}} \right|{\mathbf{j}} \hfill \\ \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, + \left| {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{e^t}\cos t - {e^t}\sin t}&{{e^t}\cos t + {e^t}\sin t} \\ { - 2{e^t}\sin t}&{2{e^t}\cos t} \end{array}} \right|{\mathbf{k}} \hfill \\ {\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right) = {e^{2t}}\left( {\sin t - \cos t} \right){\mathbf{i}} + {e^{2t}}\left( {\cos t + \sin t} \right){\mathbf{j}} + 2{e^{2t}}{\mathbf{k}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt {{e^{4t}}\left( {1 - 2\sin t\cos t} \right) + {e^{4t}}\left( {1 + 2\sin t\cos t} \right) + 4{e^{4t}}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt {{e^{4t}} + {e^{4t}} + 4{e^{4t}}} \hfill \\ \left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right)} \right| = \sqrt 6 {e^{2t}} \hfill \\ \hfill \\ {\text{Use the alternative curvature formula}} \hfill \\ \kappa = \frac{{\left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right) \times {\mathbf{a}}\left( t \right)} \right|}}{{{{\left| {{\mathbf{v}}\left( t \right)} \right|}^3}}} \hfill \\ \kappa = \frac{{\sqrt 6 {e^{2t}}}}{{{{\left( {\sqrt 3 {e^t}} \right)}^3}}} \hfill \\ \kappa = \frac{{\sqrt 6 {e^{2t}}}}{{3\sqrt 3 {e^{3t}}}} \hfill \\ \kappa = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{{3e}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \]
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