Thomas' Calculus 13th Edition

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32187-896-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-32187-896-0

Chapter 8: Techniques of Integration - Section 8.5 - Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions - Exercises 8.5 - Page 475: 5

Answer

$$ - \frac{2}{z} - \frac{1}{{{z^2}}} + \frac{2}{{z - 1}}$$

Work Step by Step

$$\eqalign{ & \frac{{z + 1}}{{{z^2}\left( {z - 1} \right)}} \cr & {\text{The partial fraction decomposition has the form}} \cr & \frac{{z + 1}}{{{z^2}\left( {z - 1} \right)}} = \frac{A}{z} + \frac{B}{{{z^2}}} + \frac{C}{{z - 1}}\,\,\,\left( {\bf{1}} \right) \cr & {\text{Multiplying by }}{z^2}\left( {z - 1} \right){\text{, we have}} \cr & z + 1 = Az\left( {z - 1} \right) + B\left( {z - 1} \right) + C{z^2} \cr & z + 1 = A{z^2} - Az + Bz - B + C{z^2} \cr & z + 1 = \left( {A{z^2} + C{z^2}} \right) + \left( { - Az + Bz} \right) - B \cr & {\text{If we equate coefficients}}{\text{, we get the system}} \cr & A + C = 0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, - A + B = 1,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\, - B = 1,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,B = - 1 \cr & A = B - 1,\,\,\,A = - 2 \cr & C = - A,\,\,\,\,C = 2 \cr & {\text{Then substituting }}A{\text{ and }}B{\text{ into the equation }}\left( {\bf{1}} \right) \cr & \frac{{z + 1}}{{{z^2}\left( {z - 1} \right)}} = - \frac{2}{z} - \frac{1}{{{z^2}}} + \frac{2}{{z - 1}} \cr} $$
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