Calculus with Applications (10th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321749006
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-900-0

Chapter 5 - Graphs and the Derivative - 5.4 Curve Sketching - 5.4 Exercises - Page 294: 5

Answer

$$ f(x)=-3 x^{3}+6 x^{2}-4 x-1 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) & \ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry The only critical number is: $x = \frac{2}{3}$. Critical point: $$ (\frac{2}{3}, -1.8) . $$ The function $f$ is decreasing on interval $ ( -\infty , \infty) . $ No relative extremum at $ (\frac{2}{3}, -1.8) . $ Point of inflection at $$ ( \frac{2}{3} , -1.8).$$ * $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(-\infty, \frac{2}{3} )$. ** $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(\frac{2}{3}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=-1 $$

Work Step by Step

$$ f(x)=-3 x^{3}+6 x^{2}-4 x-1 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) &=-3(-x)^{3}+6(-x)^{2}-4(-x)-1 \\ &=3 x^{3}+6 x^{2}+4 x-1\\ & \ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry To find the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing. First, we find $f^{\prime}(x) $, $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) &=-9 x^{2}+12 x-4\\ \end{aligned} $$ To find the critical numbers, we first find any values of $x$ that make $f^{\prime} =0 $. Now, solve the equation $f^{\prime} =0 $ to get $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) & =-9 x^{2}+12 x-4=0\\ & =-(3 x-2)^{2}=0 \\ &= (3 x-2)^{2} =0 \\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ x &=\frac{2}{3}\\ \end{aligned} $$ So, the only critical number is: $x = \frac{2}{3}$. To find the critical points substituting in $f$ as follows: $$ f(\frac{2}{3})=-3 (\frac{2}{3})^{3}+6(\frac{2}{3})^{2}-4 (\frac{2}{3})-1=-\frac{17}{9}\approx -1.8 $$ So, Critical point: $$ (\frac{2}{3}, -1.8) . $$ We can still apply the first derivative test, however, to find where $f$ is increasing and decreasing. Now, check the sign of $f^{\prime}(x)$. in the intervals $$ (-\infty, \frac{2}{3} ), \quad\quad (\frac{2}{3} , \infty ). $$ (1) Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, \frac{2}{3} )$ say $0$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(0) &=-9 (0)^{2}+12 (0)-4 \\ &=-4 \\ &\lt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is decreasing on $(-\infty, \frac{2}{3} )$. (2) Test a number in the interval $(\frac{2}{3}, \infty )$ say $1$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(1) &=-9 (1)^{2}+12 (1)-4 \\ &=-1 \\ & \lt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is decreasing on $(\frac{2}{3}, \infty )$. So, the function $f$ is decreasing on interval $ ( -\infty , \infty) . $ No relative extremum at $ (\frac{2}{3}, -1.8) . $ Now, the second derivative is $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=-18 x+12 \\ &=-6(3 x-2) \\ \end{aligned} $$ Set $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$. $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=-18 x+12=0 \\ &=-6(3 x-2)=0 \\ & 3 x-2 =0 \\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ x &=\frac{2}{3} \end{aligned} $$ so $(\frac{2}{3} , f(\frac{2}{3}))$ is inflection point. Now ,we find $f(\frac{2}{3})$ as follows: $$ f(\frac{2}{3})=-3 (\frac{2}{3})^{3}+6 (\frac{2}{3})^{2}-4 (\frac{2}{3})-1 =-\frac{17}{9} \approx -1.8 $$ So, point of inflection at $$ ( \frac{2}{3} , -1.8).$$ * $$ \begin{array}{l} f^{\prime \prime}(0)=-18(0)+12=12>0 \\ f^{\prime \prime}(1)=-18(1)+12=-6<0 \end{array} $$ Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, \frac{2}{3} )$ to see that $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ is positive in that interval, so $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(-\infty, \frac{2}{3} )$. ** Test a number in the interval $(\frac{2}{3}, \infty )$to find $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(\frac{2}{3}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=-3 (0)^{3}+6 (0)^{2}-4 (0)-1=-1 $$
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