Calculus with Applications (10th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321749006
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-900-0

Chapter 5 - Graphs and the Derivative - 5.4 Curve Sketching - 5.4 Exercises - Page 294: 3

Answer

$$ f(x)=-2 x^{3}-9 x^{2}+108 x-10 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) &\ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry the critical numbers are: $x =-6, \quad x =3$. Critical points: (-6, -550) and (3, 179). The function $f$ is decreasing on intervals $ ( -\infty , -6) $ and $ (3, \infty ) , $and increasing on interval $ ( -6 , 3) . $ Relative maximum at 3, relative minimum at 6 point of inflection at ( -1.5, 185.5). $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(-\infty,-\frac{3}{2} )$. $f(x)$ is concave downward on $(-\frac{3}{2}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=-2 (0)^{3}-9 (0)^{2}+108 (0)-10 =-10 $$

Work Step by Step

$$ f(x)=-2 x^{3}-9 x^{2}+108 x-10 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) &=-2(-x)^{3}-9(-x)^{2}+108(-x)-10 \\ &=2 x^{3}-9 x^{2}-108 x-10\\ &\ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry To find the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing. First, we find $f^{\prime}(x) $, $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) &=-6 x^{2}-18 x+108 \\ &=-6\left(x^{2}+3 x-18\right) \\ &=-6(x+6)(x-3) \end{aligned} $$ To find the critical numbers, we first find any values of $x$ that make $f^{\prime} =0 $. Now, solve the equation $f^{\prime} =0 $ to get $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) =-6(x+6)(x-3) &=0\\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ (x+6)(x-3) &=0\\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ x+6 =0 & \quad \quad or \quad \quad x-3 =0 \\ x =-6 & \quad \quad or \quad \quad x =3 \\ \end{aligned} $$ So, the critical numbers are: $x =-6, \quad x =3$. To find the critical points substituting in $f$ as follows: $$ f(-6)=-2 (-6)^{3}-9 (-6)^{2}+108 (-6)-10=-550 $$ and $$ f(3)=-2 (3)^{3}-9 (3)^{2}+108 (3)-10=179 $$ So, Critical points: (-6, -550) and (3, 179). We can still apply the first derivative test, however, to find where $f$ is increasing and decreasing. Now, check the sign of $f^{\prime}(x)$. in the intervals $$ (-\infty, -6 ), \quad\quad (-6 ,3 ), \quad\quad (3 , \infty) . $$ (1) Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, -6 )$ say $-7$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(-7) &=-6((-7)+6)((-7)-3)\\ &=-60 \\ &\lt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is decreasing on $(-\infty ,-6 )$. (2) Test a number in the interval $(-6, 3 )$ say $0$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(0) &=-6((0)+6)((0)-3)\\ &=108 \\ &\gt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is positive in that interval, so $f(x)$ is increasing on $(-6, 3 )$. (3) Test a number in the interval $(3, \infty )$ say $4$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(4) &=-6((4)+6)((4)-3)\\ &=-60 \\ &\lt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is decreasing on $(3 , -\infty )$. So, the function $f$ is decreasing on intervals $ ( -\infty , -6) $ and $ (3, \infty ) , $and increasing on interval $ ( -6 , 3) . $ Relative maximum at 3, relative minimum at 6 Now, the second derivative is $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=-12 x-18 \\ \end{aligned} $$ Set $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$. $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=-12 x-18 \\ &= -6(2 x+3)=0 \\ x &=-\frac{3}{2} \end{aligned} $$ so $(-\frac{3}{2} , f(-\frac{3}{2}))$ is inflection point. Now ,we find $f(-\frac{3}{2})$as follows: $$ f(-\frac{3}{2})=-2 (-\frac{3}{2})^{3}-9 (-\frac{3}{2})^{2}+108 (-\frac{3}{2})-10=-185.5 $$ So, point of inflection at ( -1.5, 185.5). * Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, -\frac{3}{2} )$ to see that $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ is positive there, so $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(-\infty,-\frac{3}{2} )$. ** Test a number in the interval $(-\frac{3}{2}, \infty )$to find $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is concave downward on $(-\frac{3}{2}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=-2 (0)^{3}-9 (0)^{2}+108 (0)-10 =-10 $$
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