Calculus with Applications (10th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321749006
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-900-0

Chapter 5 - Graphs and the Derivative - 5.4 Curve Sketching - 5.4 Exercises - Page 294: 4

Answer

$$ f(x)=x^{3}-\frac{15}{2} x^{2}-18 x-1 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) & \ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry The critical numbers are: $x = 6, \quad x =-1$. Critical points: $$ (6, -163) \ \ \text{and } \ \ (-1, \frac{17}{2}). $$ The function $f$ is increasing on intervals $ ( -\infty , -1) $ and $ (6 , \infty ) , $and decreasing on interval $ ( -1 , 6) . $ Relative maximum at -1, relative minimum at 6 Point of inflection at $( \frac{5}{2} , -77.25).$ * $f(x)$ is concave downward on $(-\infty, \frac{5}{2} )$. ** $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(\frac{5}{2}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=-1 $$

Work Step by Step

$$ f(x)=x^{3}-\frac{15}{2} x^{2}-18 x-1 $$ Domain is $(-\infty, \infty)$ $$ \begin{aligned} f(-x) &=(-x)^{3}-\frac{15}{2}\left(-x\right)^{2}-18(-x)-1 \\ &=-x^{3}-\frac{15}{2} x^{2}+18 x-1\\ & \ne f(x) \end{aligned} $$ No symmetry To find the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing. First, we find $f^{\prime}(x) $, $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) &=3 x^{2}-15 x-18\\ &=3\left(x^{2}-5 x-6\right)\\ &=3(x-6)(x+1) \end{aligned} $$ To find the critical numbers, we first find any values of $x$ that make $f^{\prime} =0 $. Now, solve the equation $f^{\prime} =0 $ to get $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(x) =3(x-6)(x+1) &=0\\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ (x-6)(x+1) &=0\\ \Rightarrow\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\\ x-6 =0 & \quad \quad or \quad \quad x+1 =0 \\ x =6 & \quad \quad or \quad \quad x =-1 \\ \end{aligned} $$ So, the critical numbers are: $x = 6, \quad x =-1$. To find the critical points substituting in $f$ as follows: $$ f(6)=(6)^{3}-\frac{15}{2} (6)^{2}-18 (6)-1=-163 $$ and $$ f(-1)=(-1)^{3}-\frac{15}{2} (-1)^{2}-18 (-1)-1=\frac{17}{2} $$ So, Critical points: $$ (6, -163) \ \ \text{and } \ \ (-1, \frac{17}{2}). $$ We can still apply the first derivative test, however, to find where $f$ is increasing and decreasing. Now, check the sign of $f^{\prime}(x)$. in the intervals $$ (-\infty, -1 ), \quad\quad (-1 , 6 ), \quad\quad (6 , \infty) . $$ (1) Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, -1 )$ say $-2$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(-2) &=3((-2)-6)((-2)+1)\\ &=24 \\ &\gt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is positive in that interval, so $f(x)$ is increasing on $(-\infty , -1 )$. (2) Test a number in the interval $(-1, 6 )$ say $0$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(0) &=3((0)-6)((0)+1)\\ &=-18 \\ & \lt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is decreasing on $(-1, 6 )$. (3) Test a number in the interval $(6, \infty )$ say $7$: $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime}(7) &=3((7)-6)((7)+1)\\ &=24 \\ &\gt 0 \end{aligned} $$ we see that $f^{\prime}(x)$ is positive in that interval, so $f(x)$ is increasing on $(6 , \infty )$. So, the function $f$ is increasing on intervals $ ( -\infty , -1) $ and $ (6 , \infty ) , $and decreasing on interval $ ( -1 , 6) . $ Relative maximum at -1, relative minimum at 6 Now, the second derivative is $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=6 x-15 \\ \end{aligned} $$ Set $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ equal to $0$ and solve for $x$. $$ \begin{aligned} f^{\prime \prime}(x) &=6 x-15 \\ &= 3(2 x-5)=0 \\ x &=\frac{5}{2} \end{aligned} $$ so $(\frac{5}{2} , f(\frac{5}{2}))$ is inflection point. Now ,we find $f(\frac{5}{2})$ as follows: $$ f(\frac{5}{2})=(\frac{5}{2})^{3}-\frac{15}{2} (\frac{5}{2})^{2}-18 (\frac{5}{2})-1 =-\frac{309}{4}=-77.25 $$ So, point of inflection at $$ ( \frac{5}{2} , -77.25).$$ * Test a number in the interval $(-\infty, \frac{5}{2} )$ to see that $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ is negative in that interval, so $f(x)$ is concave downward on $(-\infty, \frac{5}{2} )$. ** Test a number in the interval $(\frac{5}{2}, \infty )$to find $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ positive in that interval, so $f(x)$ is concave upward on $(\frac{5}{2}, \infty )$. y-intercept: $$ f(0)=(0)^{3}-\frac{15}{2} (0)^{2}-18 (0)-1=-1 $$
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