Calculus 10th Edition

Published by Brooks Cole
ISBN 10: 1-28505-709-0
ISBN 13: 978-1-28505-709-5

Chapter 8 - Integration Techniques, L'Hopital's Rule, and Improper Integrals - 8.6 Exercises - Page 556: 60

Answer

The solution is $$\int\frac{4}{\csc\theta-\cot\theta}d\theta=4\ln|1-\cos\theta|+c.$$

Work Step by Step

The integral $$\int\frac{4}{\csc\theta-\cot\theta}d\theta$$ can be transformed into: $$\int\frac{4}{\csc\theta-\cot\theta}d\theta=\int\frac{4}{\frac{1}{\sin\theta}-\frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}}d\theta=\int\frac{4}{\frac{1-\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}}d\theta=\int\frac{4\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}d\theta.$$ Now we can use substitution $1-\cos\theta=t\Rightarrow\sin\theta d\theta=dt$ and put that into our integral: $$\int\frac{4\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}d\theta=4\int\frac{dt}{t}=4\ln|t|+c,$$ where $c$ is arbitrary constant. Now we have to express our solution (which is in terms of $t$) in terms of $\theta$: $$\int\frac{4\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}d\theta=4\ln|t|+c=4\ln|1-\cos\theta|+c.$$
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