Calculus with Applications (10th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321749006
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-900-0

Chapter 12 - Sequences and Series - Chapter Review - Review Exercises - Page 662: 22

Answer

$${P_4}\left( x \right) = \ln 3 + \frac{2}{3}x - \frac{2}{9}{x^2} + \frac{8}{{81}}{x^3} - \frac{1}{{18}}{x^4}$$

Work Step by Step

$$\eqalign{ & f\left( x \right) = \ln \left( {3 + 2x} \right) \cr & {\text{Use the definition of Taylor Polynomial of Degree }}n\,\,\,\left( {{\text{see page 629}}} \right) \cr & {\text{Let }}f{\text{ be a function that can be differentiated }}n{\text{ times at 0}}{\text{. The Taylor }} \cr & {\text{polynomial of degree }}n{\text{ for }}f{\text{ at 0 is }} \cr & {P_n}\left( x \right) = f\left( 0 \right) + \frac{{{f^{\left( 1 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{1!}}x + \frac{{{f^{\left( 2 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{2!}}{x^2} + \cdots + \frac{{{f^{\left( n \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{n!}}{x^n} = \sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {\frac{{{f^{\left( n \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{i!}}} {x^i} \cr & {\text{Find the Taylor polynomials of degree 4 at 0}}{\text{. }} \cr & {\text{then }}n = 4. \cr & {\text{The }}n{\text{ - th derivatives are}} \cr & {f^{\left( 1 \right)}}\left( x \right) = \frac{d}{{dx}}\left[ {\ln \left( {3 + 2x} \right)} \right] = \frac{2}{{3 + 2x}} = 2{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 1}} \cr & {f^{\left( 2 \right)}}\left( x \right) = \frac{d}{{dx}}\left[ {2{{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)}^{ - 1}}} \right] = 2\left( { - 1} \right){\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 2}}\left( 2 \right) = - 4{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 2}} \cr & {f^{\left( 3 \right)}}\left( x \right) = \frac{d}{{dx}}\left[ { - 4{{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)}^{ - 2}}} \right] = - 4\left( { - 2} \right){\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 3}}\left( 2 \right) = 16{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 3}} \cr & {f^{\left( 4 \right)}}\left( x \right) = \frac{d}{{dx}}\left[ {16{{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)}^{ - 3}}} \right] = 16\left( { - 3} \right){\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 4}}\left( 2 \right) = - 96{\left( {3 + 2x} \right)^{ - 4}} \cr & {\text{evaluate }}f\left( 0 \right),{f^{\left( 1 \right)}}\left( 0 \right),{f^{\left( 2 \right)}}\left( 0 \right),{f^{\left( 3 \right)}}\left( 0 \right),{f^{\left( 4 \right)}}\left( 0 \right) \cr & f\left( 0 \right) = \ln \left( {3 + 2\left( 0 \right)} \right) = \ln 3 \cr & {f^{\left( 1 \right)}}\left( 0 \right) = 2{\left( {3 + 2\left( 0 \right)} \right)^{ - 1}} = \frac{2}{3} \cr & {f^{\left( 2 \right)}}\left( 0 \right) = - 4{\left( {3 + 2\left( 0 \right)} \right)^{ - 2}} = - \frac{4}{9} \cr & {f^{\left( 3 \right)}}\left( 0 \right) = 16{\left( {3 + 2\left( 0 \right)} \right)^{ - 3}} = \frac{{16}}{{27}} \cr & {f^{\left( 4 \right)}}\left( 0 \right) = - 96{\left( {3 + 2\left( 0 \right)} \right)^{ - 4}} = - \frac{{32}}{{27}} \cr & {\text{Replace the found values into the definition of Taylor Polynomial of Degree }}n \cr & {\text{for }}n = 4 \cr & {P_4}\left( x \right) = f\left( 0 \right) + \frac{{{f^{\left( 1 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{1!}}x + \frac{{{f^{\left( 2 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{2!}}{x^2} + \frac{{{f^{\left( 3 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{3!}}{x^3} + \frac{{{f^{\left( 4 \right)}}\left( 0 \right)}}{{4!}}{x^4} \cr & {P_4}\left( x \right) = \ln 3 + \frac{{2/3}}{{1!}}x + \frac{{ - 4/9}}{{2!}}{x^2} + \frac{{16/27}}{{3!}}{x^3} + \frac{{ - 32/27}}{{4!}}{x^4} \cr & {\text{simplify }} \cr & {P_4}\left( x \right) = \ln 3 + \frac{2}{3}x - \frac{2}{9}{x^2} + \frac{8}{{81}}{x^3} - \frac{1}{{18}}{x^4} \cr} $$
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