Calculus: Early Transcendentals 8th Edition

Published by Cengage Learning
ISBN 10: 1285741552
ISBN 13: 978-1-28574-155-0

Chapter 14 - Section 14.5 - The Chain Rule. - 14.5 Exercise - Page 945: 54

Answer

$$ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial t^{2}} &= \\ &=\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+2 \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} \frac{\partial y}{\partial y^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}, \end{aligned} $$ and $$ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial s \partial t} &=\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y}\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial s} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial t} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s}\right)+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial s \partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial s \partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y^{2}} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}. \end{aligned} $$

Work Step by Step

Applying Case 2 of the Chain Rule, we get (a) $$ \frac{\partial z}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t} $$ Then , we have: $$ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial t^{2}} &=\frac{\partial}{\partial t^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right) \\ &=\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right) \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right) \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \\ &=\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y \partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t} \frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \\ &=\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+2 \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} \frac{\partial y}{\partial y^{2}}\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right)^{2}+\frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial t^{2}} \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}, \end{aligned} $$ and (b) $$ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial s \partial t} &=\frac{\partial}{\partial s}\left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}\right) \\ &=\left(\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y \partial x} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s}\right) \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial s \partial t}+\left(\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y^{2}} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s}\right) \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial s \partial t} \\ &=\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x^{2}} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial x \partial y}\left(\frac{\partial y}{\partial s} \frac{\partial x}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial t} \frac{\partial x}{\partial s}\right)+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \frac{\partial^{2} x}{\partial s \partial t}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \frac{\partial^{2} y}{\partial s \partial t}+\frac{\partial^{2} z}{\partial y^{2}} \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} \frac{\partial y}{\partial t}. \end{aligned} $$
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