The Orkneyinga Saga Anonymous

References

Notes

  1. ^ The original saga was referred to as Earl's Saga more often than Orkneyinga Saga by medieval Icelanders and it has been argued that the latter name tends to obscure both Shetland and Shetlander's prominent roles.[3]
  2. ^ Woolf (2007) states that a version "was clearly circulating as early as the 1220s."
  3. ^ There are small differences in the chapter numbers used by Vigfússon (1887) and by Pálsson and Edwards (1981) e.g. Pálsson and Edwards chapter 12 "Death in Ireland" is split into two chapters by Vigfússon.[12][13]
  4. ^ In the Heimskringla Hrolfr is banished by King Harald.[34]
  5. ^ There is no other example in the history of either Norway or of Scotland in which a dynasty of earls owed their allegiance to two different kings.[48]
  6. ^ It is frequently stated that the death of Jon Haraldsson brought the line of Norse earls of Orkney to a close.[63] An argument in favour of this view is that he was the last apparently direct descendant of Torf-Einar Sigurdsson to hold the title with the subsequent Angus earls possibly succeeding via marriage to a female descendant of the earls. However it has also been pointed out that Harald Maddadson was the son of a Scottish earl – Matad, Earl of Atholl – and a female heiress of Orkney – Margaret, a daughter of Haakon Paulsson. It may be that the brief reference to the succession of Earl Jon in the last line of the later version of the Orkneyinga saga has tended to distort modern perceptions of the issues.[64]
  7. ^ Crawford (1986) credits Joseph Anderson with the discovery, who mentions a 13th century document that corroborated a local tradition about Sigurd's burial in his introduction to the 1873 translation of the saga by Hjaltalin and Goudie.[69]
  8. ^ Arnór's poetry is quoted verbatim in the saga, interspersed with various embellishments in the narrative. Arnór was in Orkney at or about the time of this conflict and it is he who describes Thorfinn's foe as "Karl" and "lord of the Scots". It is the saga writer who adds the patronymic "Hundasson".[45][70]
  9. ^ There were only two Earls of Orkney named Sigurd. Taylor clearly identifies Sigurd "the Stout" Hlodvirsson but the earlier Sigurd ("the Mighty") was Rognvald Eysteinsson's brother, not his son.[82]
  10. ^ This theory, based on the Orcadian distribution of ouncelands was originally researched by J. Storer Clouston in the 1920s and was "enormously influential" but also "preposterous" according to Smith (1988).[95]
  11. ^ Warriors from the Northern Isles (Øyskjeggs), led by Harald Maddadson's brother-in-law Olaf fought on behalf of Sigurd Magnusson against King Sverre Sigurdsson. Sverre and his force confronted the Øyskjeggs in the spring of 1194, when the two fleets met north of Bergen. In the ensuing battle the Norwegians claimed a decisive victory. King Sverre appears to have believed that Harald Maddadson was involved in the affair and he punished Harald by placing Shetland under the direct rule of the Norwegian Crown, which was not returned to the care of the Orkney earldom during his lifetime.[98]
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Citations

  1. ^ Crawford (1987), p. 221
  2. ^ a b c d Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 9, Introduction
  3. ^ a b c Smith (1988), p. 21
  4. ^ "The Norse Takeover" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
  5. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards (1981), pp. 15–16, Introduction
  6. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 19, Introduction
  7. ^ a b c d Woolf (2007), p. 277
  8. ^ a b c d Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 10, Introduction
  9. ^ a b c d Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 11, Introduction
  10. ^ Vigfússon (1887), pp. ix–x, Preface
  11. ^ Vigfússon (1887), pp. xii, Preface
  12. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 12 "Death in Ireland"
  13. ^ Vigfússon (1887), pp. 15–16
  14. ^ Jesch (1992), p. 337
  15. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 12, Introduction
  16. ^ Crawford (2013), pp. 80–83
  17. ^ a b Orkneyinga saga Orkneyjar. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  18. ^ a b c Thomson (2008), p. 27
  19. ^ Anderson (1990), pp. 332–334, Saga of Harald Fairhair c. 22: "King Harald's Voyage to the West".
  20. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 9, c. 4 "To Shetland and Orkney"
  21. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 28
  22. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 9, c. 5 "A poisoned tooth"
  23. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 30: quoting chapter 5 of the Orkneyinga saga.
  24. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 25
  25. ^ a b Crawford (1987), pp. 52–53
  26. ^ Thomson (2008), pp. 27–28
  27. ^ Helle (2006), p. 22
  28. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 6 "Forecasts"
  29. ^ Sturluson (1992), Harald Harfager's Saga: c. 27 "Of Earl Torfeinar's Obtaining Orkney".
  30. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 6 "Forecasts" and c. 7 "Vikings and peat"
  31. ^ a b Thomson (2008), p. 73
  32. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 13, Introduction
  33. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 14, Introduction
  34. ^ Sturluson (1992), Harald Harfager's Saga: c. 24 "Rolf Ganger Driven into Banishment".
  35. ^ Thomson (2008), pp. 36–36
  36. ^ a b Thomson (2008), p. 38
  37. ^ Woolf (2007), p. 300
  38. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 12 "Death in Iceland"
  39. ^ Crawford (1987), p. 80
  40. ^ a b c Woolf (2007), p. 243
  41. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 69
  42. ^ Thomson (2008): p. 69 quoting the Orkneyinga Saga c. 12 "Death in Iceland".
  43. ^ a b Thomson (2008), pp. 66–67
  44. ^ a b c Beuermann (2011), pp. 143–44
  45. ^ a b Crawford (1987), p. 72
  46. ^ a b Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 20 "Karl Hundason"
  47. ^ Smith (1988), pp. 27–28
  48. ^ Crawford (2003), p. 64
  49. ^ Gregory (1881), pp. 4–6
  50. ^ a b Thomson (2008), p. 88
  51. ^ a b "St. Magnus and his World", Foghlam AlbaArchived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ a b "Magnus – the Martyr of Orkney" Orkneyjar. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  53. ^ "St Magnus Church: History". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  54. ^ a b Callaghan (2003), p. 167
  55. ^ a b Beuermann (2011), pp. 148–49
  56. ^ Beuermann (2011), pp. 150–52
  57. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 101
  58. ^ Sturluson (1992), Saga of Sigurd, Inge, And Eystein, The Sons of Harald: c. 20 "War Expedition of King Haraldson"
  59. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 91 "Events in Orkney"
  60. ^ Oram (2004), pp. 100–101
  61. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), cc. 92–104
  62. ^ Sturluson (1992), Saga of Sigurd, Inge, And Eystein, The Sons of Harald: c. 28 "Of King Sigurd's Fall" – c. 32 "King Eystein's Death"
  63. ^ a b Muir (2005), p. 127.
  64. ^ McGuigan (2011), p. 90
  65. ^ Woolf (2007), p. 244.
  66. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 84.
  67. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 90.
  68. ^ Crawford (1987), pp. 58–59
  69. ^ Crawford (1986), p. 39.
  70. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 76
  71. ^ Robertson (1862), pp. 477–479, II.
  72. ^ Skene (1902), 1 c. 5.
  73. ^ Crawford (1987), p. 73.
  74. ^ Woolf (2007), p. 309-10
  75. ^ Thomson (2008), pp. 75–77
  76. ^ Anderson (1990), p. 576, note 7.
  77. ^ Muir (2005), p. 47
  78. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 75.
  79. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 79.
  80. ^ Taylor (1937), p. 338.
  81. ^ Crawford (1987), pp. 71–74.
  82. ^ Crawford (1987), p. 54.
  83. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 80.
  84. ^ Crawford (1987), p. 216
  85. ^ Sävborg (2010), p. 361.
  86. ^ Crawford (1987), pp. 76–77
  87. ^ Muir (2005), p. 6
  88. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 31.
  89. ^ Beuermann (2011), p. 120
  90. ^ Beuermann (2011), p. 121
  91. ^ Thomson (2008), pp. 30–31
  92. ^ a b Thomson (2008), pp. 58–59
  93. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), cc. 9-11
  94. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 16 "Murder of an earl" and c. 30 "Earl Thorfinn and King Magnus"
  95. ^ Smith (1988), pp. 23–24
  96. ^ Thomson (2008), pp. 70–73
  97. ^ Smith (1988), p. 32
  98. ^ Muir (2005): pp. 115–118 with reference to Sverris saga.
  99. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 64.
  100. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 16, Introduction
  101. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), p. 17, Introduction
  102. ^ Woolf (2007), p. 267.
  103. ^ Thomson (2008), p. 96
  104. ^ Pálsson & Edwards (1981), c. 53 "Death of Earl Hakon"
  105. ^ Anderson (1873), Introduction.
  106. ^ "Database of medieval Icelandic saga literary adaptations". Christopher W. E. Crocker. 23 February 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2022.

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Anderson, Joseph, ed. (1873), The Orkneyinga Saga, translated by Hjaltalin, Jón A.; Goudie, Gilbert, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas, retrieved 26 August 2013
  • Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney, translated by Pálsson, Hermann; Edwards, Paul Geoffrey, London: Penguin, 1981, ISBN 0-14-044383-5
  • Sturluson, Snorri (1992), Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway, translated by Hollander, Lee M., Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-73061-6
  • Vigfússon, Gudbrand, ed. (1887), "Orkneyinga Saga and Magnus Saga with Appendices", Icelandic Sagas, vol. 1, retrieved 16 March 2018

Secondary sources

  • Anderson, Alan Orr (1990), Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, vol. 1, Stamford: Paul Watkins, ISBN 1-871615-03-8
  • Beuermann, Ian (2011), "Jarla Sǫgur Orkneyja. Status and power of the earls of Orkney according to their sagas", in Steinsland, Gro; Sigurðsson, Jón Viðar; Rekda, Jan Erik; Beuermann, Ian (eds.), Ideology and power in the viking and middle ages: Scandinavia, Iceland, Ireland, Orkney and the Faeroes . The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 A.D. Peoples, Economics and Cultures. 52, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-20506-2
  • Callaghan, Steve (2003), "St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall", in Omand, Donald (ed.), The Orkney Book, Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 1-84158-254-9
  • Crawford, Barbara E. (1986), "The Making of a Frontier: The Firthlands from the Ninth to the Twelfth Centuries", in Baldwin, John R. (ed.), Firthlands of Ross and Sutherland, Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies
  • Crawford, Barbara E. (1987), Scandinavian Scotland, Leicester University Press, ISBN 0-7185-1197-2
  • Crawford, Barbara E. (2003), "Orkney in the Middle Ages", in Omand, Donald (ed.), The Orkney Book, Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 1-84158-254-9
  • Crawford, Barbara E. (2013), The Northern Earldoms, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN 97819-0460-7915
  • Gregory, Donald (1881), The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625, Edinburgh: Birlinn. 2008 reprint: originally published by Thomas D. Morrison., ISBN 1-904607-57-8
  • Helle, Knut (2006), "Earls of Orkney" (PDF), The Vikings and Scotland – Impact and Influence (Conference 22–26 September 2006.), Rapporteur: Andrew Heald, Edinburgh: Royal Society of Edinburgh, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014, retrieved 27 January 2014
  • Jesch, Judith (1992), "Narrating "Orkneyinga Saga"", Scandinavian Studies, 64 (3), University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study/JSTOR: 336–355, JSTOR 40919439
  • McGuigan, Neil (2011), "Review: The Northern Earldoms: Orkney and Caithness from AD 870 to 1470 by Barbara E. Crawford", Scottish Archaeological Journal, vol. 33 (1/2 Papers from the Scottish Theoretical Archaeology Group ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press/JSTOR, pp. 88–90, JSTOR 43923917
  • Muir, Tom (2005), Orkney in the Sagas: The Story of the Earldom of Orkney as told in the Icelandic Sagas, Kirkwall: The Orcadian, ISBN 0954886232
  • Oram, Richard (2004), David I: The King Who Made Scotland, Stroud: Tempus, ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
  • Robertson, Eben William (1862), Scotland Under Her Early Kings (to 1300), vol. I, Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas
  • Sävborg, Daniel (2010), "The sagas and courtly love", in Sheehan, John; Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (eds.), The Viking Age: Ireland and the West. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Viking Congress, Dublin: Four Courts Press, pp. 361–368, ISBN 978-1-84682-101-1
  • Skene, William F. (1902), The Highlanders of Scotland, Stirling: Eneas MacKay
  • Smith, Brian (1988), "Shetland in Saga-Time: Re-reading the Orkneyinga Saga", Northern Studies, 25, Edinburgh: Scottish Society for Northern Studies: 21–41
  • Taylor, A. B. (1937), "Karl Hundason: King of Scots", Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. LXXI, Edinburgh, pp. 334–340{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Thomson, William P. L. (2008), The New History of Orkney, Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0
  • Woolf, Alex (2007), From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5

Other primary sources

  • Original Old Norse text:
    • Orkneyinga saga heimskringla.no
  • English translation:
    • Orkneyinga Saga. Trans. Joseph Anderson (1873). Edinburgh.
    • Orkneyinga Saga. Trans A.B. Taylor (1937). London.
    • The Orkneyingers Saga (Icelandic Sagas, and other historical documents relating to the settlements and descents of the Northmen on the British Isles, Volume III). Translated by George Dasent (1894). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Reprinted 1964 by Kraus Reprint. Text available at Sacred Texts and Northvegr.
    • "Fundinn Noregr" ('Discovery of Norway'), opening portion of The Orkneyingers Saga. Trans. Chappell, Gavin (2004) Northvegr.

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