Olfactory perception
Some critics analyze the story literally instead of searching for symbolic significance. A literal interpretation suggests that Gogol's story is about the importance of olfactory perception, which is obscured in Western society by a focus on vision and appearance.[4] This interpretation is consistent with Gogol's belief that the nose is the most important part of a person's anatomy.[5] Major Kovalyov obsesses over his appearance, cleanliness and rank. His behavior reflects the influence of vision-oriented Western culture that emphasizes deodorization and hygiene.[4] And yet he is deeply upset when he loses his nose, which shows that olfactory sensation is still important despite Western influence.
Society and class
Society and class played a very important role in determining one's life during the time of Gogol.[6] With the introduction of the Table of Ranks by Peter the Great, a wholly new portion of the population was able to move up socially if it worked hard enough. In a society that was obsessed with status, people had to always look their best and prioritize their outside appearance. When Major Kovalyov sees his own nose dressed in the uniform of a higher-ranking official than himself, he is momentarily embarrassed and unable to approach the nose. Even within the context of a ridiculous scenario, feelings of inferiority and jealousy still manage to creep into Major Kovalyov's mind.[6]
Identity
The theme of identity is highlighted by how the nose is both easy to identify and hard to identify at various points in the story.[3] The barber notices the owner of the nose very quickly when he sees it. However, the nose is able to slip away from Kovalyov by disguising itself as a doctor. This back and forth between the identity of the nose emphasizes how Gogol's Petersburg valued outward appearance much more than one's true identity. Major Kovalyov is a minor official who acts like he is much higher ranking than he actually is. He refers to women as prostitutes and asks them to come to his apartment. His main objectives in life are to climb the table of ranks and marry well, but without his nose, he can do neither.[7]
The supernatural
The supernatural also comes into play in this story. The nose is able to transform its size depending on what is needed to further the plot.[6] Sometimes it is portrayed as the size of a common nose, while other times it is portrayed as the same size as a human. This strange ability plays into the absurdity of the story and adds to its comedic tone.
