Chapter 17 - Section 17.3 - Study Guide - Assess Your Learning Outcomes - Page 669: 10

1. **Skin:** - **Hormone:** Vitamin D (inactive form) - **Effects:** When exposed to sunlight, the skin produces a precursor molecule that, when converted by the liver and kidneys, becomes active vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. It also has effects on immune function and regulation of cell growth. 2. **Liver:** - **Hormones:** Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) - **Effects:** IGF-1 is stimulated by growth hormone and plays a key role in promoting growth during childhood and adolescence. It supports tissue growth, especially in bones and muscles. 3. **Kidneys:** - **Hormones:** Erythropoietin (EPO) and Renin - **Effects:** EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow, aiding in oxygen transport. Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), regulating blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. 4. **Heart:** - **Hormone:** Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - **Effects:** ANP is released by the heart in response to high blood pressure or stretching of the atria. It promotes vasodilation, excretion of sodium by the kidneys, and reduction of blood volume to lower blood pressure. 5. **Digestive Tract:** - **Hormones:** Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Ghrelin, and others - **Effects:** These hormones regulate various aspects of digestion and metabolism. Gastrin stimulates stomach acid production, secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme release, CCK promotes bile release and digestive enzyme production, and ghrelin stimulates hunger. 6. **Adipose Tissue (Fat Cells):** - **Hormones:** Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin - **Effects:** Leptin signals satiety to the brain, influencing appetite and energy balance. Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory effects. Resistin may be involved in insulin resistance. 7. **Osseous Tissue (Bone):** - **Hormones:** Osteocalcin - **Effects:** Osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts in bone and influences insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. It also plays a role in bone remodeling. 8. **Placenta (During Pregnancy):** - **Hormones:** Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin, and others - **Effects:** hCG supports the corpus luteum and stimulates progesterone production early in pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone maintain pregnancy and regulate fetal development. Relaxin helps relax uterine muscles and prepare the cervix for childbirth. Each of these hormones and their effects contributes to the overall regulation of various physiological processes within the body, ensuring proper function and homeostasis.

1. **Skin:** - **Hormone:** Vitamin D (inactive form) - **Effects:** When exposed to sunlight, the skin produces a precursor molecule that, when converted by the liver and kidneys, becomes active vitamin D. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. It also has effects on immune function and regulation of cell growth. 2. **Liver:** - **Hormones:** Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) - **Effects:** IGF-1 is stimulated by growth hormone and plays a key role in promoting growth during childhood and adolescence. It supports tissue growth, especially in bones and muscles. 3. **Kidneys:** - **Hormones:** Erythropoietin (EPO) and Renin - **Effects:** EPO stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow, aiding in oxygen transport. Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), regulating blood pressure, fluid, and electrolyte balance. 4. **Heart:** - **Hormone:** Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - **Effects:** ANP is released by the heart in response to high blood pressure or stretching of the atria. It promotes vasodilation, excretion of sodium by the kidneys, and reduction of blood volume to lower blood pressure. 5. **Digestive Tract:** - **Hormones:** Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), Ghrelin, and others - **Effects:** These hormones regulate various aspects of digestion and metabolism. Gastrin stimulates stomach acid production, secretin stimulates pancreatic enzyme release, CCK promotes bile release and digestive enzyme production, and ghrelin stimulates hunger. 6. **Adipose Tissue (Fat Cells):** - **Hormones:** Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin - **Effects:** Leptin signals satiety to the brain, influencing appetite and energy balance. Adiponectin enhances insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory effects. Resistin may be involved in insulin resistance. 7. **Osseous Tissue (Bone):** - **Hormones:** Osteocalcin - **Effects:** Osteocalcin is produced by osteoblasts in bone and influences insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. It also plays a role in bone remodeling. 8. **Placenta (During Pregnancy):** - **Hormones:** Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), Estrogen, Progesterone, Relaxin, and others - **Effects:** hCG supports the corpus luteum and stimulates progesterone production early in pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone maintain pregnancy and regulate fetal development. Relaxin helps relax uterine muscles and prepare the cervix for childbirth. Each of these hormones and their effects contributes to the overall regulation of various physiological processes within the body, ensuring proper function and homeostasis.