Discrete Mathematics with Applications 4th Edition

Published by Cengage Learning
ISBN 10: 0-49539-132-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-49539-132-6

Chapter 6 - Set Theory - Exercise Set 6.4 - Page 382: 23

Answer

The question "Is heterological heterological?" leads to a paradox and has no consistent answer. It exposes a **self-referential inconsistency** in natural language classification.

Work Step by Step

This is a classic logical puzzle known as the **Grelling–Nelson paradox**. --- ### Setup: - An adjective is **autological** if it **describes itself**. Example: **"polysyllabic"** is autological (it is polysyllabic). - An adjective is **heterological** if it **does not describe itself**. Example: **"monosyllabic"** is heterological (it is not monosyllabic). --- ### The Question: Is **"heterological"** heterological? Let’s analyze: --- ### ❗ Case 1: Suppose “heterological” **is heterological**. That means: > “Heterological” does **not** describe itself. But that’s **exactly** what being heterological means. So if it **doesn't** describe itself, then it **does** — contradiction. --- ### ❗ Case 2: Suppose “heterological” is **not** heterological. Then it **does** describe itself. So “heterological” **is** a word that **does not describe itself**. But that’s exactly what being heterological means! **Contradiction again.** --- ### 🔁 Conclusion: We are caught in a **paradox** — both answers lead to contradiction. This is a **semantic version** of **Russell's paradox** applied to natural language.
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