Calculus with Applications (10th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321749006
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-900-0

Chapter 10 - Differential Equations - 10.2 Linear First-Order Differential Equations - 10.2 Exercises - Page 543: 5

Answer

$$y = x\ln x + Cx$$

Work Step by Step

$$\eqalign{ & x\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} - y - x = 0,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,x > 0 \cr & {\text{this equation is not written in the form }}\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} + P\left( x \right)y = Q\left( x \right){\text{ }} \cr & {\text{adding }}x{\text{ to both sides we obtain}} \cr & x\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} - y = x \cr & {\text{now}}{\text{, divide both sides of the equation by }}x \cr & \frac{{dy}}{{dx}} - \frac{1}{x}y = 1 \cr & {\text{the equation is already written in the form }}\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} + P\left( x \right)y = Q\left( x \right) \cr & {\text{ we can note that }}P\left( x \right){\text{ is }} - \frac{1}{x} \cr & {\text{The integrating factor is }}I\left( x \right) = {e^{\int {P\left( x \right)} dx}} \cr & I\left( x \right) = {e^{ - \int {\frac{1}{x}} dx}} = {e^{\ln {x^{ - 1}}}} = {x^{ - 1}} = \frac{1}{x} \cr & {\text{multiplying both sides of the differential equation }}\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} - \frac{1}{x}y = 1{\text{ by }}\frac{1}{x} \cr & \frac{1}{x}\frac{{dy}}{{dx}} - \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}y = \frac{1}{x} \cr & {\text{Write the terms on the left in the form }}{D_x}\left[ {I\left( x \right)y} \right] \cr & {D_x}\left[ {\frac{y}{x}} \right] = \frac{1}{x} \cr & {\text{solve for }}y{\text{ integrating both sides}} \cr & \frac{y}{x} = \int {\frac{1}{x}} dx \cr & \frac{y}{x} = \ln \left| x \right| + C \cr & y = x\ln \left| x \right| + Cx \cr & {\text{we know that }}x > 0,{\text{ then removing the aboslute value}} \cr & y = x\ln x + Cx \cr} $$
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