William Hazlitt: Selected Essays William Hazlitt

Notes

  1. ^ "A master of English prose style, a beautifully modulated general essayist, the first great theatre critic in English, the first great art critic, a magnificent political journalist and polemicist ... Hazlitt is both a philosopher and one of the supreme literary critics in the language." Paulin, "Spirit".
  2. ^ Jacques Barzun praises Lionel Trilling as just behind Hazlitt, implying that Hazlitt, ahead of Coleridge, Bagehot, and Arnold as well, is in the top rank of English-language literary critics. Quoted in Philip French, Three Honest Men: Edmund Wilson, F. R. Leavis, Lionel Trilling (Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet Press, 1980), cited in Rodden, Trilling, p. 3.
  3. ^ "... in the tradition of the English essay, descended from Johnson, Lamb, Hazlitt, and Orwell", Hitchens on Display, by George Packer, in The New Yorker, 3 July 2008
  4. ^ Irving Howe considered Orwell "the best English essayist since Hazlitt, perhaps since Dr Johnson". "George Orwell: 'As the bones know' ", by Irving Howe, Harper's Magazine, January 1969.
  5. ^ A. C. Grayling notes that Kenneth Clark "described Hazlitt as the 'best critic of art before Ruskin'." Grayling, p. 380. See also Bromwich, p. 20.
  6. ^ "Most of Hazlitt's work is out of print, or unavailable in paperback. He is not studied in most university English courses ...", Paulin, "Spirit".
  7. ^ "Both Deane and Heaney had studied Hazlitt at school in Derry in the 1950s – he'd been replaced by Orwell when I took the same A-level course in the 60s, and the diminution of his reputation has been fairly steady until recently." Paulin, "Spirit".
  8. ^ a b Grayling, pp. 209–10.
  9. ^ Paulin, Day-Star, p. 313.
  10. ^ Wardle, p. 4.
  11. ^ Wardle, p. 16; Wu, p. 33.
  12. ^ "The taste of barberries, which have hung out in the snow during the severity of a North American winter, I have in my mouth still, after an interval of thirty years". Hazlitt, Works, vol. 8, p. 259. (Hereafter, references to Works will imply "Hazlitt, Works".) "In all his works", remarks Hazlitt's biographer and editor P.P. Howe, "the only reference to his stay in America is to the taste of the barberries picked on the hills". Howe, p. 29.
  13. ^ Bourne, p. 51.
  14. ^ Wardle, p. 40, gives the name as the "New Unitarian College at Hackney" but most other reliable sources, e.g. Albrecht, p. 29, call it the "Unitarian New College at Hackney". This Hackney College was a short-lived institution (1786–1796) with no connection to the current college by that name.
  15. ^ Wardle, p. 45.
  16. ^ Grayling, p. 32.
  17. ^ Baker, pp. 20–25.
  18. ^ Wardle, pp. 43–44.
  19. ^ It may have been the case that he was forced to leave for financial reasons, given that "special grants and terms available for Divinity students could be his no more". (Maclean, p. 81) It is also thought however that the college's policy of encouraging open intellectual inquiry proved self-destructive; even faculty members were resigning, and in fact the college closed its doors forever about a year after Hazlitt's departure. See Wardle, pp. 45–46; also Maclean, pp. 78–81.
  20. ^ Kinnaird, p. 11.
  21. ^ Wardle, pp. 41–45.
  22. ^ Many of these values were also impressed upon him by his father at home, and by reading thinkers who were not Unitarian, but his two years at Hackney College built upon and greatly strengthened them. See Kinnaird, pp. 11–25; Paulin, Day-Star, pp. 8–11.
  23. ^ Works, vol. 7, p. 7. Quoted in Gilmartin, pp. 95–96.
  24. ^ Jones, p. 6.
  25. ^ Wardle, pp. 44–45.
  26. ^ Maclean, p. 78.
  27. ^ Wardle, p. 48.
  28. ^ Published in 1805 as "An Essay on the Principles of Human Action". See Works, vol. 1.
  29. ^ This school of thought, the "modern philosophy", was primarily English, descended from John Locke and, originally (as Hazlitt himself insisted in his lectures on philosophy a few years later), Thomas Hobbes. See Bromwich pp. 36, 45–47; Grayling, p. 148; Park, pp. 46–47.
  30. ^ Wardle, p. 243. See also "A Letter to William Gifford" (1819), in Works, vol. 9, pp. 58–59.
  31. ^ Wardle, pp. 48–49.
  32. ^ See Maclean, pp. 79–80.
  33. ^ Maclean, pp. 96–98.
  34. ^ Works, vol. 17, p. 107. His meeting with Coleridge "was a revelation, and was to change him forever". Wu, p. 67.
  35. ^ Holmes 1999, p. 100. Holmes 1989, pp. 178–79. Barker, p. 211.
  36. ^ Works, vol. 17, p. 108.
  37. ^ "On the Living Poets", concluding his 1818 "Lectures on the English Poets", Works, vol. 5, p. 167.
  38. ^ "My First Acquaintance with Poets", Works, vol. 17, p. 107.
  39. ^ a b Barker, p. 211.
  40. ^ Burley, pp. 109–10.
  41. ^ Wu, p. 6.
  42. ^ See Maclean, pp. 119–121. See also Wardle, pp. 50–60.
  43. ^ Quoted from Coleridge's correspondence with Thomas Wedgwood, in Grayling, p. 86.
  44. ^ Wardle, pp. 60–61.
  45. ^ Wardle, p. 61.
  46. ^ Wardle, p. 67.
  47. ^ Eighteen years later, Hazlitt reviewed nostalgically the "pleasure in painting, which none but painters know", and all the delight he found in this art, in his essay "On the Pleasure of Painting". Hazlitt, Works, vol. 8, pp. 5–21.
  48. ^ Wardle, pp. 68–75.
  49. ^ Wardle, pp. 76–77.
  50. ^ Wu, pp. 59–60.
  51. ^ Hazlitt's honesty about sex in general was unusual in that increasingly prudish age, as shown in his later confessional book Liber Amoris, which scandalised his contemporaries. See Grayling, p. 297.
  52. ^ Wu, p. 60.
  53. ^ Wardle, pp. 78–80. For another account of this contretemps, see Maclean, pp. 198–201.
  54. ^ Grayling, p. 80; Wu, p. 86.
  55. ^ Reminiscing in 1866, Bryan Waller Procter, who knew them both, thought meeting Hazlitt had been a "great acquisition" for Lamb; the same could justly be said for Hazlitt as well, as Catherine Macdonald Maclean noted. From that time onward, she writes, the two "had for each other...the easy unstrained affection of brothers". Maclean, pp. 206–207.
  56. ^ Wardle, p. 82.
  57. ^ E.g., "Women have as little imagination as they have reason. They are pure egotists", "Characteristics", Hazlitt, Works, vol. 9, p. 213.
  58. ^ Grayling, p. 102.
  59. ^ Burley, p. 114; Wu, p. 104.
  60. ^ Throughout his life, Hazlitt held this to be his most original work. Its thesis is that, contrary to the prevailing belief of the moral philosophy of the time, benevolent actions are not modifications of an underlying fundamental human selfishness. The fundamental tendency of the human mind is, in a particular sense, disinterest. That is, an interest in the future welfare of others is no less natural to us than such an interest in our own future welfare. See Bromwich, pp. 46–57; Grayling pp. 362–65.
  61. ^ Wardle, pp. 82–87.
  62. ^ See Bromwich, p. 45 and elsewhere.
  63. ^ The title echoed that of a pamphlet by John Wesley,Free Thoughts on Public Affairs in a Letter to a Friend, (1770). See Burley, p. 191, note 23.
  64. ^ Burley, p. 191, note 25. On the argument of the Essay, see Grayling, pp. 363–65.
  65. ^ Mayhew, pp. 90–91.
  66. ^ Wardle, pp. 100–102.
  67. ^ Writing the Self: The journal of Sarah Stoddart Hazlitt, 1774–1843. Gillian Beattie-Smith, Women's History Review 22(2), April 2013. DOI: 10.1080/09612025.2012.726110. Beattie-Smith gives the date of the marriage as 12 May, Sarah Hazlitt's death year as 1843 (she was born in 1774). According to Duncan Wu, they were married on 1 May 1808 and Sarah Hazlitt died in 1840. See Wu, pp. 123, 438.
  68. ^ Wu 2008, pp. 118, 160, 221.
  69. ^ a b Wu, Duncan (2 April 2009). "William Hazlitt: The lion in Winterslow". The Independent. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  70. ^ Maclean covers the marriage at length, pp. 233–75; for a briefer account, see Wardle, pp. 103–21.
  71. ^ Grayling, pp. 130–31; Gilmartin, pp. 8–9.
  72. ^ Wardle, pp. 104–123.
  73. ^ Wardle, pp. 126–130.
  74. ^ Wardle, pp. 130–131.
  75. ^ Stephen 1894, p. 32.
  76. ^ Wardle, pp. 132, 144, 145.
  77. ^ Wardle, pp. 133, 134.
  78. ^ Wardle, p. 146.
  79. ^ Bromwich, p. 158.
  80. ^ Wordsworth might as well, wrote Hazlitt, have "given to his work the form of a didactic poem altogether." Works, vol. 4, p. 113. According to David Bromwich, Hazlitt thought that "in The Excursion the two great impulses of romance, to tell a story and to give instruction, have thus separated out completely." Bromwich, p. 166.
  81. ^ Wardle, pp. 146, 171, 183.
  82. ^ Wardle, p. 152. By 1825, Hazlitt, having become well known as a journalist, was lampooned (very briefly) as the character Will Hazelpipes in John Paterson's Mare, James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the Newcastle Magazine. Hunter, Adrian (ed.) (2020), James Hogg: Contributions to English, Irish and American Periodicals, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 19–34, 213. ISBN 9780748695980
  83. ^ It was "the death of the cause of human freedom in his time", as Wardle put it, p. 157.
  84. ^ Wardle, p. 157.
  85. ^ Wardle, p. 162.
  86. ^ Wardle, pp. 171–74.
  87. ^ Maclean, pp. 393–95; Wardle, pp. 162–64. See also Hazlitt, Works, vol. 12, pp. 77–89.
  88. ^ a b Law, p. 8.
  89. ^ Maclean, p. 300.
  90. ^ Hazlitt's extreme way of making a point seemed to develop naturally. Yet it was to an extent a consciously applied device. See Gerald Lahey, "Introduction", Hazlitt, Letters, p. 11, and Hazlitt's own letter to Macvey Napier on 2 April 1816: "I confess I am apt to be paradoxical in stating an extreme opinion when I think the prevailing one not quite correct", p. 158.
  91. ^ Works, vol. 4, p. 1.
  92. ^ Works, vol. 4, p. 80.
  93. ^ Works, vol. 4, p. 95.
  94. ^ Works, vol. 4, p. 100.
  95. ^ Works, vol. 4, p. 122.
  96. ^ Law, p. 42. See also Paul Hamilton, "Hazlitt and the 'Kings of Speech'", in Natarajan, Paulin, and Wu, pp. 69, 76: "Hazlitt's most powerful critical effect is to get his readers to think through quotations, and so benefit from his opening of cultural reservoirs to irrigate the understanding of the common reader."; "His own essays integrate marvellously inventive and pointed patchworks of quotations ... we are obliged perpetually to witness, through frequent citation, ... the legitimacy and advantage of appropriating the language of others to promote our most intimate, private sense of self. ... Hazlitt is never repetitious in his ventriloquizing; he never turns quotations into tags, is never sententious."; and Bromwich, pp. 275–87.
  97. ^ Albrecht, p. 184: "Hazlitt's quotations are notoriously inaccurate."
  98. ^ Misquoted this way elsewhere as well; the original has "splendour in the grass ... glory in the flower". Works, vol. 4, p. 119.
  99. ^ Notable for a certain whimsy, for frequent "characters" (sketches of typical character types), for use of fictitious or real interpolated letters, and for an informal tone—though not to the degree of the "familiar essay". Law, p.8.
  100. ^ "Regardless of subject matter, the style was consistently arresting". Wardle, p. 184.
  101. ^ Wardle, pp. 181–97.
  102. ^ All of Shakespeare's plays, that is, if one excludes those few plays not then believed to be primarily by Shakespeare or by him at all. Wardle, p. 204.
  103. ^ Wardle, pp.197–202.
  104. ^ Wardle, p. 203.
  105. ^ Wardle, p. 240.
  106. ^ "By the end of 1817 Hazlitt's reputation had received almost irreparable injury." Maclean, p. 361.
  107. ^ Wardle, pp. 211–22; Jones, p. 281.
  108. ^ Wardle, p. 224.
  109. ^ Wardle, p. 244.
  110. ^ Wardle, pp. 236–40.
  111. ^ Wardle, pp. 249–56.
  112. ^ Wardle, pp. 229–34.
  113. ^ Wardle, pp. 243–44.
  114. ^ Wardle, pp. 231, 255, 257.
  115. ^ Bate, p. 259; Wardle, p. 278.
  116. ^ Wu, pp. 196–97.
  117. ^ Howe, p. 297.
  118. ^ Works, vol. 12, p. 225.
  119. ^ Bate, p. 609; Wardle, pp. 221, 252.
  120. ^ Bate, pp. 259–62; Wu, p. 197; Corrigan, p. 148.
  121. ^ Bate, pp. 216, 240, 262, 461.
  122. ^ Wu, pp. 197, 287, 356. The relationship between Hazlitt and Keats is explored in depth in Bromwich, pp. 362–401. See also Natarajan, pp. 107–119; Ley, p. 61, note 13.
  123. ^ Jones, p. 281; Robinson, however, sharply disapproved of Hazlitt's moral character.
  124. ^ Jones, pp. 314–15.
  125. ^ Jones, p. 305.
  126. ^ Words written in Winterslow Hut on 18 and 19 January 1821, as Hazlitt informs the reader in a footnote to the essay soon published as "On Living to One's-Self", Works, vol. 8, p. 91.
  127. ^ Jones, pp. 303–18.
  128. ^ Wu 2008, p. 120.
  129. ^ Wardle, pp. 262–63; Bromwich, pp. 345–47.
  130. ^ Works, vol. 8, p. 33.
  131. ^ Bromwich, p. 347; Grayling, pp. 258, 360.
  132. ^ Works, vol. 8, pp. 5–21.
  133. ^ Works, vol. 8, p. 185. See also Jones, pp.307–8.
  134. ^ Though Hazlitt's relationship with Sarah Walker was an aspect of his life even his admirers through the Victorian era preferred to overlook, it has received ample attention since then. See Maclean, pp. 415–502; Wardle, pp. 268–365; Jones, pp. 308–48.
  135. ^ As Grayling writes, Hazlitt "gave into his feelings at their first impulse, and invariably suffered the consequences. In the case of Sarah Walker, 'suffered' is a wholly inadequate word. His obsession with her drove him almost mad." Grayling, p. 261.
  136. ^ As Maurice Whelan has noted, "What has been generally ignored is that exactly one month before he first set eyes on Sarah Walker, Hazlitt's father died. This event has been afforded little significance in his life." Whelan, p. 89.
  137. ^ Wardle, p. 304.
  138. ^ Grayling, p. 290.
  139. ^ Jones, p. 332.
  140. ^ Jones, pp. 336–37; it is not known why they never married.
  141. ^ Wardle, pp. 363–65. Wardle was writing in 1971; twenty-first-century critics continue to be sharply divided. David Armitage has assessed the book disparagingly as "the result of a tormented mind grasping literary motifs in a desperate and increasingly unsuccessful (and self indulgent) attempt to communicate its descent into incoherence...", while Gregory Dart has acclaimed it "the most powerful account of unrequited love in English literature". To James Ley, "It is ... an unsparing account of the psychology of obsession, the way a mind in the grip of an all-consuming passion can distort reality to its own detriment". Armitage, p. 223; Dart 2012, p. 85; Ley p. 38.
  142. ^ Quoted by Jones, p. 338.
  143. ^ Ley, p. 38: "The book quickly became notorious, thanks largely to Hazlitt's political enemies, who seized upon the work as evidence of his depraved nature".
  144. ^ Quoted in Wardle, p. 363.
  145. ^ "Hazlitt seemed to have achieved a detached, yet humane, posture as he regarded the world about him. He spoke as a philosopher in retirement rather than a bitter recluse". Wardle, p. 274.
  146. ^ For a comparison of Hazlitt's and Immanuel Kant's ideas about genius, see Milnes, pp. 133ff.
  147. ^ See Wardle, p. 282.
  148. ^ The New Monthly Magazine, vol. 3 (January–June, 1822), pp. 102–12, at Google Books.
  149. ^ a b Robinson 1999, p.168.
  150. ^ Cyrus Redding, assistant editor of the New Monthly Magazine was scandalized: "It was a thoroughly blackguard subject...disgracing our literature in the eye of other nations", he later wrote. Quoted by Wardle, p. 302.
  151. ^ Works, vol. 12, p. 130. Quoted by Gregory Dart; see Dart 1999, p. 233.
  152. ^ Dart 1999, p. 233.
  153. ^ Works, vol. 12, p. 136. See also Maclean (pp. 500–2), who considers this "the most powerful" of Hazlitt's essays of the period.
  154. ^ Wardle, p. 272, speaking in particular of "On the Conversation of Authors" (1820).
  155. ^ A body of interconnected philosophic beliefs underlies most of Hazlitt's writing, including his familiar essays. See Schneider, "William Hazlitt", p. 94.
  156. ^ Most critics, according to Elisabeth Schneider, summing up the critical literature on Hazlitt as of 1966, have felt that these "quotations endow what he is saying with a richness of association that justifies their presence; they were, moreover, his natural way of thinking and not usually a deliberate adornment". Schneider, "William Hazlitt", p. 112.
  157. ^ Works, vol. 9, pp. 242–48.
  158. ^ It has been noted, however, that, only a few years after publication, they may have furnished a model for Pushkin's historical anecdotes. Lednicki, p. 5. Twenty-first century critic Tim Killick has also noted that even around the end of Hazlitt's life, the intimate style and succinct narration found in these essays set a tone markedly new, displacing the lingering vogue of stilted Johnsonian periods, influencing not only nonfiction but also the genre of short fiction. Killick, pp. 20–21.
  159. ^ Jones, p. 318.
  160. ^ Bromwich, p. 347.
  161. ^ Wardle (citing Stewart C. Wilcox, in the Modern Language Quarterly, vol. 9 [1948], pp. 418–23), p. 366.
  162. ^ Works, vol. 9, p. 228.
  163. ^ As George Sampson, a later editor of Hazlitt's essays, expressed it, this book "cannot be called entirely successful. Hazlitt's best aphorisms are to be found scattered in profusion up and down his longer essays; his deliberate attempts at epigram are more like excised paragraphs than the stamped and coined utterance of genuine aphorism." See the "Introduction" to Sampson, p. xxxii.
  164. ^ Jones, pp. 341–43. Wardle, pp. 377–378.
  165. ^ Wardle, p. 381. For a full account of what is known about Hazlitt's marriage to Isabella Bridgwater, see Jones, pp. 348–64. Stanley Jones first discovered Isabella Hazlitt's background and maiden name only in the late twentieth century.
  166. ^ As he explains in "On Application to Study", written around this time, his ideas "cost me a great deal twenty years ago". But now he is able to copy out the results of prior study and thought "mechanically". "I do not say they came there mechanically—I transcribe them to paper mechanically".Works, vol. 12, p. 62.
  167. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 6.
  168. ^ Works, vol. 1, pp. 177–364.
  169. ^ Gilmartin, pp. 3–8.
  170. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 105.
  171. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 111.
  172. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 114.
  173. ^ Works, vol. 11, pp. 93–94, 339.
  174. ^ Works, vol. 5, p. 167.
  175. ^ Works, vol. 7, p. 106.
  176. ^ Works, vol. 7, p. 126.
  177. ^ Works, vol. 7, p. 129.
  178. ^ Works, vol. 19, p. 197.
  179. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 30.
  180. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 37.
  181. ^ "By 1825, Hazlitt was able to regard [Coleridge's abandonment of his earlier views regarding his own poetry] with a greater air of detachment" than in the earlier reviews. Park, p. 234.
  182. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 79.
  183. ^ Works, vol. 11, pp. 84–85.
  184. ^ "The subjects of some [of these essays], like Thomas Campbell, seem hardly to deserve the praise which Hazlitt accords them", wrote Ralph Wardle (p. 406), in 1971.
  185. ^ Wardle, p. 406.
  186. ^ Works, vol. 11, p. 28.
  187. ^ Park, pp. 213–15.
  188. ^ a b Quoted in Wardle, p. 407.
  189. ^ See Wardle, pp. 391–425, for an extensive account of this tour, and Jones, pp. 364–72, for numerous additional details.
  190. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 105.
  191. ^ Wardle, pp. 394–96.
  192. ^ Wardle, pp. 396–99; Jones, pp. 367–68.
  193. ^ Wardle, p. 414.
  194. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 227.
  195. ^ Wardle, p. 396.
  196. ^ a b Works, vol. 10, p. 289.
  197. ^ a b Works, vol. 10, p. 114.
  198. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 118.
  199. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 101.
  200. ^ Wardle, p. 411.
  201. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 232.
  202. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 237.
  203. ^ Works, vol. 17, p. 139.
  204. ^ These were his reminiscences two years later in the article "English Students at Rome", Works, vol. 17, p. 142.
  205. ^ Works, vol. 10, pp. 266–67.
  206. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 268.
  207. ^ Works, vol. 10, pp. 269–74; Wardle, p. 416.
  208. ^ Jones, pp. 369. For an account of Hazlitt's attitude toward Rousseau from a perspective very different from Hazlitt's own, see Duffy, pp. 70–81.
  209. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 285.
  210. ^ Works, vol. 10, p. 287.
  211. ^ Works, vol. 20, p. 393; Wardle, p. 422; Jones, p. 372.
  212. ^ Works, vol. 17, pp. 161–62; quoted in Wardle, p. 419.
  213. ^ Wardle, pp. 423–25.
  214. ^ Jones, p. 372.
  215. ^ Wardle, pp. 431–32.
  216. ^ Works, vol. 12, pp. 88–97.
  217. ^ Wardle, p. 434.
  218. ^ As Hazlitt explained in an introductory note: "I differ from my great and original predecessor ... James Boswell ... in ... that whereas he is supposed to have invented nothing, I have feigned whatever I pleased". Works, vol. 11, p. 350. On the other hand, as Catherine Macdonald Maclean reminds us, "there is much in the 'Conversations' which could only have come from Northcote, like the 'divine chit-chat' about Johnson and Burke and Goldsmith and Sir Joshua Reynolds, in which Hazlitt delighted". Maclean, p. 551.
  219. ^ Not the least of those who took personal offence was William Godwin. See Jones, p. 377. Also outraged was the family of Zachariah Mudge, which resulted in the omission of several passages when the conversations were published in book form. See Wardle, pp. 481–82.
  220. ^ Works, vol. 11, pp. 318–19.
  221. ^ See his editor's note to the last conversation, Works, vol. 11, p. 376.
  222. ^ In the words of biographer Ralph Wardle, p. 446.
  223. ^ Wardle, p. 446.
  224. ^ Wardle, p. 438.
  225. ^ Works, vol. 17, pp. 189–99. See also Wardle, p. 438.
  226. ^ That this journey was undertaken is not certain, but Jones believes that it probably took place and lay behind the exacerbation of tensions between Hazlitt and his wife. Jones, p. 375.
  227. ^ Jones, p. 378.
  228. ^ Wardle, p. 441.
  229. ^ See Maclean, p. 552, Jones, pp. 373–75.
  230. ^ Maclean writes of "the blighting effect of the melancholy which had by this time had become habitual with Hazlitt", p. 538.
  231. ^ Written probably at Vevey in 1825. Works, vol. 12, pp. 365–82, 427.
  232. ^ Quoted in Maclean, p. 555.
  233. ^ This was established at length by Robert E. Robinson in 1959; cited in Wardle, pp. 448–49.
  234. ^ Works, vol. 14, p. 236. Quoted in Wardle, p. 450.
  235. ^ "Nothing more clearly shows our essential ignorance of Hazlitt's life in his last years than the silence which closes around his second marriage after his wife's defection. ... A comparable reticence marks the whole of the succeeding period". Jones, p. 376.
  236. ^ Wardle, pp. 465–66.
  237. ^ Wardle, p. 481.
  238. ^ Works, vol. 17, p. 366.
  239. ^ Works, vol. 20, pp. 296–321.
  240. ^ Works, vol. 20, pp. 369–76.
  241. ^ Maclean, p. 552.
  242. ^ Jones, p. xvi.
  243. ^ Maclean, p. 553.
  244. ^ Wardle, p. 479, 481.
  245. ^ Wardle, p. 483.
  246. ^ "The Sick Chamber", first published in The New Monthly Magazine, August 1830, Works, vol. 17, pp. 375–76.
  247. ^ According to P.G. Patmore, reported by P. P. Howe in Hazlitt's Works, vol. 17, p. 429.
  248. ^ As A. C. Grayling wrote in a memorial in The Guardian at the turn of the twenty-first century: "From his bed he wrote that the revolution 'was like a resurrection from the dead, and showed plainly that liberty too has a spirit of life in it; and the hatred of oppression is "the unquenchable flame, the worm that dies not"'". See Grayling, "Memorial".
  249. ^ Grayling conjectures that his ailment was either stomach cancer or ulcers. Grayling, "Memorial".
  250. ^ Wardle, p. 484.
  251. ^ Hazlitt mentions this explicitly in "The Sick Chamber", Works, vol. 17, p. 373.
  252. ^ See Maclean, pp. 577–79; Wardle, p. 485; and Jones, pp. 380–81.
  253. ^ Not all of his biographers were convinced that he really uttered those words. See Maclean, p. 608; Wardle, p. 485; and Jones, p. 381.
  254. ^ Wardle, p. 486.
  255. ^ Grayling, "Memorial"; Paulin, Day-Star, p. 1; Paulin, "Spirit"; Burley, p. 3.
  256. ^ Mayes, Ian, "Revival time", The Guardian, 5 May 2001, via Hazlitt Society.
  257. ^ Ezard, John, "William Hazlitt's near-derelict grave restored", The Guardian, 11 April 2003.
  258. ^ Smith, Jules (2005). "Jonathan Bate". British Literature Council. Retrieved 27 November 2015.

This content is from Wikipedia. GradeSaver is providing this content as a courtesy until we can offer a professionally written study guide by one of our staff editors. We do not consider this content professional or citable. Please use your discretion when relying on it.

GradeSaver will pay $15 for your literature essays
GradeSaver will pay $25 for your college application essays
GradeSaver will pay $50 for your graduate school essays – Law, Business, or Medical
GradeSaver will pay $10 for your Community Note contributions
GradeSaver will pay $500 for your Textbook Answer contributions