Theogony Hesiod

Notes

  1. ^ "Hesiod | Greek poet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Attic Greek: [tʰeoɡoníaː]
  3. ^ θεογονία. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  4. ^ West 1966, p. 45.
  5. ^ Sandwell, Barry (1996). Presocratic Philosophy vol.3. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415101707. p. 28
  6. ^ Stoddard, Kathryn B. (2003). "The Programmatic Message of the 'Kings and Singers' Passage: Hesiod, Theogony 80-103". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 133 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1353/apa.2003.0010. JSTOR 20054073. S2CID 161532502.
  7. ^ Herodotus (II.53) cited it simply as an authoritative list of divine names, attributes and functions.
  8. ^ F. Solmsen, Hesiod and Aeschylus (Ithaca: Cornell Studies in Classical Philology 30) 1949:53 and note 179 with citations; "if an interpolation," Joseph Eddy Fontenrose observes (Python: a study of Delphic myth and its origins: 71, note 3), "it was made early enough."
  9. ^ Lambert, Wilfred G.; Walcot, Peter (1965). "A New Babylonian Theogony and Hesiod". Kadmos. 4 (1): 64–72. doi:10.1515/kadm.1965.4.1.64. S2CID 162417685.
  10. ^ Walter Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age (Harvard University Press) 192, offers discussion and bibliography of related questions.
  11. ^ Hard, pp. 65–69; West 1966, pp. 18–19.
  12. ^ Theogony 132–153 (Most, pp. 12, 13).
  13. ^ Theogony 154–155 (Most, pp. 14, 15). Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard, p. 67; West 1988, p. 7, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, p. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, p. 15 n. 8, says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–53, p. 213 line 154 γὰρ. Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, p. 10 says: "The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, p. 67 says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, p. 213 on line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature".
  14. ^ Theogony 156–158 (Most, pp. 14, 15). The hiding place inside Gaia is presumably her womb, see West 1966, p. 214 on line 158; Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160; Gantz, p. 10. This place seems also to be the same place as Tartarus, see West 1966, p. 338 on line 618, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154–160.
  15. ^ Theogony 159–172 (Most, pp. 16, 17).
  16. ^ Theogony 173–182 (Most, pp. 16, 17); according to Gantz, p. 10, Cronus waited in ambush, and reached out to castrate Uranus, from "inside [Gaia's] body, we will understand, if he too is a prisoner".
  17. ^ Hard, p. 67; West 1966, p. 19. As Hard notes, in the Theogony apparently, although the Titans were freed as a result of Uranus' castration, the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers remain imprisoned (see below), see also West 1966, p. 214 on line 158.
  18. ^ Theogony 453–467 (Most, pp. 38, 39).
  19. ^ Theogony 468–484 (Most, pp. 40, 41). Mount Aigaion is otherwise unknown, and Lyctus is nowhere else associated with Zeus' birth, later tradition located the cave on Mount Ida, or sometimes Mount Dikte, see Hard, pp. 74–75; West 1966, pp. 297–298 on line 477, p. 300 on line 484.
  20. ^ Theogony 485–491 (Most, pp. 40, 41).
  21. ^ Theogony 492–500 (Most, pp. 42, 43).
  22. ^ Theogony 501–506 (Most, pp. 42, 43); Hard, pp. 68–69; West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139–153, pp. 303–305 on lines 501–506. According to Apollodorus, 1.1.4–5, after the overthrow of Uranus, the Cyclopes (as well as the Hundred-Handers) were rescued from Tartarus by the Titans, but reimprisoned by Cronus.
  23. ^ Theogony 624–721 (Most, pp. 52, 53). This is the sequence of events understood to be implied in the Theogony by, for example, Hard, p. 68; Caldwell, p. 65 on line 636; and West 1966, p. 19. However according to Gantz, p. 45, "Hesiod's account does not quite say whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the conflict or only in the tenth year. ... Eventually, if not at the beginning, the Hundred-Handers are fighting".
  24. ^ Theogony 820–868 (Most, pp. 68, 69).
  25. ^ Theogony 881–885 (Most, pp. 72, 73).
  26. ^ Theogony 886–900 (Most, pp. 74, 75).
  27. ^ Theogony 116–122 (Most, pp. 12, 13). West 1966, p. 192 line 116 Χάος, "best translated Chasm"; Most, p. 13, translates Χάος as "Chasm", and notes: (n. 7): "Usually translated as 'Chaos'; but that suggests to us, misleadingly, a jumble of disordered matter, whereas Hesiod's term indicates instead a gap or opening". Other translations given in this section follow those given by Caldwell, pp. 5–6.
  28. ^ Theogony 123–125 (Most, pp. 12, 13).
  29. ^ Theogony 126–132 (Most, pp. 12, 13).
  30. ^ Theogony 116–132 (Most, pp. 12, 13); Caldwell, p. 5, table 3; Hard, p. 694; Gantz, p. xxvi.
  31. ^ Theogony 132–138 (Most, pp. 12, 13).
  32. ^ Theogony 139–146 (Most, pp. 14, 15).
  33. ^ Theogony 147–153 (Most, pp. 14, 15).
  34. ^ Theogony 132–153 (Most, pp. 12, 13); Caldwell, p. 5, table 3.
  35. ^ Theogony 173–206 (Most, pp. 16, 17).
  36. ^ Theogony 183–200 (Most, pp. 16, 17); Caldwell, p. 6, table 4.
  37. ^ At 904 the Moirai are the daughters of Zeus and Themis.
  38. ^ Theogony 211–225 (Most, pp. 20, 21). The translations of the names used here are those given by Caldwell, p. 6, table 5.
  39. ^ Theogony 226–232 (Most, pp. 20, 21). The translations of the names used here are those given by Caldwell, p. 6, table 5.
  40. ^ Theogony 211–232 (Most, pp. 20, 21); Caldwell, pp. 6–7, table 5.
  41. ^ At 904 the Moirai are the daughters of Zeus and Themis.
  42. ^ Theogony 233–269 (Most, pp. 22, 23).
  43. ^ Theogony 270–294 (Most, pp. 24, 25).
  44. ^ Theogony 295–305 (Most, pp. 26, 27).
  45. ^ The "she" at 295 is ambiguous. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe, according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303.
  46. ^ Theogony 333–336 (Most, pp. 28, 29); Apollonius of Rhodes, 4.1396.
  47. ^ Theogony 233–297, 333–335 (Ladon) (Most, pp. 22, 23, 28, 29); Caldwell, p. 7, tables 6–9; Hard, p. 696.
  48. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 350.
  49. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 349.
  50. ^ The fifty sea nymphs, including: Amphitrite ( 243), Thetis ( 244), Galatea ( 250), and Psamathe ( 260).
  51. ^ Who Echidna's mother is supposed to be, is unclear, she is probably Ceto, but possibly Callirhoe. The "she" at 295 is ambiguous. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe, according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303.
  52. ^ Unnamed by Hesiod, but described at 334–335 as a terrible serpent who guards the golden apples.
  53. ^ Son of Cronus and Rhea at 456, where he is called "Earth-Shaker".
  54. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 351.
  55. ^ Theogony 821–822 (Most, pp. 68, 69).
  56. ^ Theogony 304–332 (Most, pp. 26, 27).
  57. ^ The "she" at 319 is ambiguous, see Clay, p. 159, with n. 34, but probably refers to Echidna, according to Gantz, p. 22; Most, p. 29 n.18; Caldwell, p. 47 on lines 319-325; but possibly the Hydra, or less likely Ceto.
  58. ^ The "she" at 326 is ambiguous, see Clay, p. 159, with n. 34, but probably refers to the Chimera according to Gantz, p. 23; Most, p. 29 n. 20; West 1988, p. 67 n. 326; but possibly to Echidna or less likely to Ceto.
  59. ^ Theogony 304-327, 821–822 (Typhon) (Most, pp. 26, 27, 68, 69); Caldwell, p. 8, table 10; Hard, p. 696.
  60. ^ Who the Chimera's mother is supposed to be, is unclear, she is probably Echidna, but possibly the Hydra.
  61. ^ Who Orthrus mates with is unclear, probably the Chimera, but possibly Echidna.
  62. ^ Theogony 337–388 (Most, pp. 30, 31). The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8.
  63. ^ Theogony 404–411 (Most, pp. 34, 35).
  64. ^ Theogony 453–458 (Most, pp. 38, 39).
  65. ^ Theogony 507–511 (Most, pp. 42, 43).
  66. ^ Theogony 337–411, 453–520 (Most, pp. 30, 31, 38, 39); Caldwell, pp. 8–9, tables 11–13; Hard, p. 695.
  67. ^ The 3,000 river gods, of which 25 are named: Nilus, Alpheus, Eridanos, Strymon, Maiandros, Istros, Phasis, Rhesus, Achelous, Nessos, Rhodius, Haliacmon, Heptaporus, Granicus, Aesepus, Simoeis, Peneus, Hermus, Caicus, Sangarius, Ladon, Parthenius, Evenus, Aldeskos, Scamander.
  68. ^ The 3,000 daughters, of which 41 are named: Peitho, Admete, Ianthe, Electra, Doris, Prymno, Urania, Hippo, Clymene, Rhodea, Callirhoe, Zeuxo, Clytie, Idyia, Pasithoe, Plexaura, Galaxaura, Dione, Melobosis, Thoe, Polydora, Cerceis, Plouto, Perseis, Ianeira, Acaste, Xanthe, Petraea, Menestho, Europa, Metis, Eurynome, Telesto, Chryseis, Asia, Calypso, Eudora, Tyche, Amphirho, Ocyrhoe, and Styx.
  69. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 361.
  70. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 351.
  71. ^ Theogony 886–900 (Most, pp. 74, 75).
  72. ^ At 217 the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.
  73. ^ Theogony 901–911. The translations of the names used here, follow Caldwell, p. 11, except for the translations of Aglaea, Euphrosyne and Thalia, which use those given by Most, p. 75.
  74. ^ Theogony 912–923 (Most, pp. 74–77).
  75. ^ Theogony 924–929 (Most, pp. 76, 77).
  76. ^ Theogony 886–929 (Most, pp. 74, 75); Caldwell, p. 11, table 14.
  77. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 358.
  78. ^ Of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived ( 889), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ( 924).
  79. ^ At 217 the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.
  80. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 358.
  81. ^ Hephaestus is produced by Hera alone, with no father at 927–929. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, Hephaestus is apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.
  82. ^ Theogony 930–962 (Most, pp. 76, 77).
  83. ^ Theogony 930–962, 975–976 (Most, pp. 76, 77, 80, 81); Caldwell, p. 12, table 15.
  84. ^ One of the Nereid daughters of Nereus and Doris, at 243.
  85. ^ Called by her title "Cytherea" ("of the Island Cythera") at 934.
  86. ^ Cadmus was the mortal founder and first king of Thebes; no parentage is given in the Theogony.
  87. ^ At 938 called the "Atlantid" i.e. daughter of Atlas, according to Apollodorus, 3.10.1, she was one of the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione.
  88. ^ Alcmene was the granddaughter of Perseus, and hence the great-granddaughter of Zeus.
  89. ^ The daughter of Minos, king of Crete.
  90. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 356.
  91. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 352.
  92. ^ Theogony 963–1018 (Most, pp. 78, 79). According to West 1966, p. 434 on line 1014, the line, which has Circe being the mother of Telegonus, is probably a later (Byzantine?) interpolation.
  93. ^ Theogony 969–1018 (Most, pp. 80, 81); Caldwell, p. 12, table 15.
  94. ^ According to Apollodorus, 3.12.1, Iasion was the son of Zeus and Electra, one of the seven Pleiades, daughters of Atlas and the Oceanid Pleione.
  95. ^ The son of Apollo and Cyrene, Diodorus Siculus, 4.81.1–2, Pausanias, 10.17.3.
  96. ^ One of the Nereid daughters of Nereus and Doris, at 260.
  97. ^ One of the Nereid daughters of Nereus and Doris, at 245.
  98. ^ According to Caldwell, p. 49 on line 359, this Calypso, elsewhere the daughter of Atlas, is "probably not" the same Calypso named at 359 as one of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys; see also West 1966, p. 267 359. καὶ ἱμερόεσσα Καλυψώ; Hard, p. 41.
  99. ^ According to West 1966, p. 434 on line 1014, the line, which has Circe being the mother of Telegonus, is probably a later (Byzantine?) interpolation.
  100. ^ Theogony 507–616 (Most, pp. 42, 43).
  101. ^ Zühmer, T. H. (19 October 2016). "Roman Mosaic Depicting Anaximander with Sundial". Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. New York University.
  102. ^ Barry Sandywell (1996). Presocratic Philosophy vol.3. Rootledge New York. p. 28, 42
  103. ^ DK B1a
  104. ^ Barry Sandwell (1996). Presocratic philosophy vol.3. Rootledge New York. ISBN 9780415101707. p.142
  105. ^ Aristotle, Metaph. Α983.b6ff
  106. ^ Hippolytus of Rome I.6.I DK B2
  107. ^ Karl Popper (1998). The World of Parmenides. Rootledge New York. ISBN 9780415173018. p. 39
  108. ^ O.Gigon. Der Ursprung der griechischen Philosophie.Von Hesiod bis Parmenides.Bale.Stuttgart.Schwabe & Co. p. 29
  109. ^ G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven and M. Schofield (2003). The Presocratic Philosophers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521274555. p. 24
  110. ^ "Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit, Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent." Rig Veda X.129: The Hymns of the Rig Veda, Book X, Hymn CXXIX, Verse 4, p. 575
  111. ^ Matsya Purana (2.25.30) – online: "The creation"
  112. ^ The Babylonian creation story (Enûma Eliš) –online

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