Hyperboreans
The first section of the work begins by saying, "We are the Hyperboreans," and even includes a conference note about how to investigate what that claim means. Many have understood it to be a reference to the Greek myth about people who live past the most northern winds. That would be to say that Nietzsche is heralding progressive philosophy as a people who are beyond the effects of a common, "north wind."
Christian Clergymen
Nietzsche doesn't have any nice things to say about the leaders of the church. According to his philosophy, a leader in the church is one who doesn't deserve power, but has obtained it through a perverted system created by the weak for their protection. This is different than those who say that religion is a device created to control the weak. This is more like arguing that the weak in nature created a complex belief system for their own protection and vindication. For Nietzsche, the power that clergymen have in enforcing that unnatural system in the common societies in Europe represents a great failure in the West.
The Israelite Nation
The common Christian interpretation of the narrative of the Old Testament of the Bible is understood by the text, but just to be thorough, the story is the narrative account of how God, who created the world, offers restoration to mankind after they fail to behave according to his law. The Jewish account follows kings and prophets who make covenants with God as his chosen people, and the Christian account continues to explain how Jesus was the Jewish messiah and his death and resurrection are the official pathway to God.
That is not how Nietzsche interprets the story. Nietzsche offers us what has been called in some schools of literary analysis to be a revisionistic account, meaning that he revises the common understanding of the story according to how the story might have evolved over time.
According to his hypothesis, the story was sculpted into its current state over a process of many generations, and the goal was to create an alternative system to stop the powerful from exerting themselves over the weak.
Jesus Christ
It might be disingenuous to say that Nietzsche's book is really an argument against Jesus Christ himself, although he did call it the Antichrist. It might be more correct to say the book was intended to mean "Antichristian."
This is not to say that Nietzsche doesn't express criticism of the messiah's teachings. He specifically criticizes the way the Christian beatitudes seems to offer vindication for the weak and pitiful in heaven.
Nietzsche believes that this is the antithesis of good and natural. In fact he calls the teaching of anything spiritual or heavenly a lie. Jesus, then, amounts to be a figure whose message of charity and service was attractive to people who needed a system like that by which to judge the strong.
