Answer
See answers.
Work Step by Step
Adjustments needed when measuring parallaxes from the moon (2 methods):
i. See figure 33-11. You could perform measurements two weeks apart, letting the moon and Earth play the role of the Earth and the sun in the diagram, respectively. The distance d shown in that diagram would be the Earth–moon distance.
ii. See figure 33-11. You could perform measurements six months apart, and at full moon both times. In that case, since you’re observing from the moon, the distance d shown in that diagram would then be the Earth–moon distance plus the distance between the Earth and the sun.
Adjustments needed when measuring parallaxes from Mars:
See figure 33-11. Let Mars play the role of the Earth in the diagram.
You would need to know the length T of a Martian “year” (which, incidentally, is 687 Earth days) and make measurements spaced in time by T/2. Also, the distance d shown in that diagram would be the sun-Mars distance.
