Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics (3rd Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321740904
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-090-8

Chapter 42 - Nuclear Physics - Exercises and Problems - Page 1276: 60

Answer

See the detailed answer below.

Work Step by Step

$$\color{blue}{\bf [a]}$$ In a beta-plus decay, a nucleus $ ^AX_Z$ (with atomic number $ Z $ and mass number $ A $) decays into a nucleus $ ^AY_{Z-1}$ by emitting a positron ($ e^+ $) and a neutrino ($ \nu $): $$ ^AX_Z\rightarrow \;^AY_{Z-1}+ e^+ + \nu $$ The initial mass of the $ X $ atom must exceed the combined mass of the $ Y $ atom and the positron. We also consider that atomic masses include the mass of electrons associated with each element. Noting that: $\Rightarrow$ The nucleus $ X $ contains $ Z $ protons and $ N $ neutrons. $\Rightarrow$ After decay, the nucleus $ Y $ has $ Z-1 $ protons and $ N+1 $ neutrons. $\Rightarrow$ The energy condition for beta-plus decay is that the mass of $ X $ must be greater than the mass of $ Y $ plus the positron's mass, allowing the decay to proceed and release energy. So, $$Z m_p + N m_n \gt (Z - 1) m_p + (N + 1) m_n + m_e$$ $\Rightarrow$ In atomic mass terms, we need to add back the electron masses because atomic masses include the electron cloud: $\Rightarrow$ $ X $ has $ Z $ electrons, while $ Y $ has $ Z-1 $ electrons. Thus, we need to add $Zm_e$ for both sides, $$Z m_p+Z m_e + N m_n \gt (Z - 1) m_p +Z m_e+ (N + 1) m_n + m_e$$ $$(m_p + m_e) + N m_n \gt [(Z - 1) (m_p + m_e) + (N + 1) m_n] + 2 m_e$$ The expression of $(m_p + m_e)$ represents the atomic mass of the atom $^A_ZX$, and the term of $ [(Z - 1) (m_p + m_e) + (N + 1) m_n] $ represents the atomic mass of the resulting atom $^A_{Z-1}Y$. Thus, the threshold condition for beta-plus decay: $$ \boxed{ m_{(^AX_Z) }\gt m_{(^AY_{Z-1})} + 2 m_e }$$ where $ 2 m_e $ accounts for the positron emitted and the difference in the electron count between $ X $ and $ Y $. This inequality means that for beta-plus decay to occur, the atomic mass of $ X $ must exceed the atomic mass of $ Y $ by at least the mass of two electrons. $$\color{blue}{\bf [b]}$$ Now, we need to check if $ ^{13} \rm{N} $ can decay into $ ^{13} \rm{C} $ via beta-plus decay and calculate the energy released if this decay is possible. From Appendix C; $ m_{(^{13}\text{N})} = 13.005738 \, \text{u} $ $ m_{(^{13}\text{C})} = 13.003355 \, \text{u} $ The mass of two electrons is $ 2 m_e = 0.001096 \, \text{u} $. Now Let's Check the Threshold Condition, so we need to Calculate $ m_{(^{13}\text{C})} + 2 m_e $: $$ m_{(^{13}\text{C})} + 2 m_e = 13.003355 + 0.001096 \\ = \bf 13.004451 \, \rm {u} $$ Now it is obvious that $$ m_{(^{13}\text{N})} \gt m_{(^{13}\text{C})} + 2 m_e $$ So the condition is satisfied, allowing $^{13}\text{N}$ to decay to $^{13}\text{C}$ via beta-plus decay. Thus, the energy released $ E $ in the decay is given by $$ E=\Delta m c^2 $$ $$ E=(m_{(^{13}\text{N})} -[m_{(^{13}\text{C})} + 2 m_e ]) c^2 $$ where $ c^2 = 931.49 \, \text{MeV}/\text{u} $ $$ E=(13.005738 - 13.004451 )(931.49 )=\color{red}{\bf 1.20}\;\rm MeV $$
Update this answer!

You can help us out by revising, improving and updating this answer.

Update this answer

After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback.