Chapter 3 - ChemWork Problems - Page 150i: 141

See the explanation

a. $H_{2}$: Nonpolar covalent The hydrogen molecule (H2) consists of two hydrogen atoms sharing a pair of electrons in a covalent bond. Since the electronegativity difference between the two hydrogen atoms is zero, the bond is nonpolar. b. $K_{3}P$: Ionic The compound potassium phosphide (K3P) is formed by the reaction between potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). Potassium has a low electronegativity, and phosphorus has a higher electronegativity. This difference in electronegativity leads to the transfer of electrons from potassium to phosphorus, resulting in an ionic bond. c. NaI: Ionic Sodium iodide (NaI) is an ionic compound formed by the reaction between sodium (Na) and iodine (I). Sodium has a low electronegativity, and iodine has a higher electronegativity. This difference in electronegativity leads to the transfer of electrons from sodium to iodine, resulting in an ionic bond. d. $SO_{2}$: Polar covalent Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a polar covalent molecule. The sulfur atom has a higher electronegativity than the oxygen atoms, leading to an unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bonds. This results in a partial positive charge on the sulfur atom and partial negative charges on the oxygen atoms, creating a polar molecule. e. HF: Polar covalent Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a polar covalent molecule. The fluorine atom has a higher electronegativity than the hydrogen atom, leading to an unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond. This results in a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the fluorine atom, creating a polar molecule. f. $CCl_{4}$: Nonpolar covalent Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a nonpolar covalent molecule. The carbon atom is bonded to four chlorine atoms, and the electronegativity difference between carbon and chlorine is relatively small. The symmetrical arrangement of the four chlorine atoms around the carbon atom results in a cancellation of the individual bond dipoles, making the overall molecule nonpolar. g. $CF_{4}$: Nonpolar covalent Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) is a nonpolar covalent molecule. The carbon atom is bonded to four fluorine atoms, and the electronegativity difference between carbon and fluorine is relatively small. The symmetrical arrangement of the four fluorine atoms around the carbon atom results in a cancellation of the individual bond dipoles, making the overall molecule nonpolar. h. $K_{2}S$: Ionic Potassium sulfide (K2S) is an ionic compound formed by the reaction between potassium (K) and sulfur (S). Potassium has a low electronegativity, and sulfur has a higher electronegativity. This difference in electronegativity leads to the transfer of electrons from potassium to sulfur, resulting in an ionic bond.