## Thinking Mathematically (6th Edition)

Let$p$be the Westway Expressway is not in operation. Let$q$be automobile traffic makes the East Side Highway look like a parking lot. The form of the premises is \begin{align} & \underline{\begin{align} & p\to q \\ & \\ & p \\ \end{align}}\ \ \ \ \ \underline{\begin{align} & \text{If the Westway Expressway is not in operation, } \\ & \text{automobile traffic makes the East Side Highway look like a parking lot}\text{.} \\ & \text{On June 2, the Westway Expressway was completely shut down because of an overturned truck}\text{.} \\ \end{align}} \\ & \therefore ?\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text{Therefore, } \\ \end{align} The conclusion $q$ is valid because it forms the direct reasoning of a valid argument when it follows the given premises. The conclusion can be translated as automobile traffic makes the East Side Highway look like a parking lot. Therefore, the valid conclusion from the provided premises is automobile traffic makes the East Side Highway look like a parking lot.