Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems 9th Edition

Published by Wiley
ISBN 10: 0-47038-334-8
ISBN 13: 978-0-47038-334-6

Chapter 2 - First Order Differential Equations - 2.6 Exact Equations and Integrating Factors - Problems - Page 99: 1

Answer

The differential equation is exact and its solutions are given implicitly by $$ x^{2}+3x+y^{2} -2y=c $$ where $c$ is an arbitrary constant

Work Step by Step

$$ (2 x+3)+(2 y-2) y^{\prime}=0 \quad \quad (*) $$ this equation can be written in the differential form $$ M(x,y) d x+N(x,y) d y=0 $$ Therefore $$ (2 x+3) d x+(2 y-2) d y=0 $$ By calculating $M_{y}$ and $N_{x}$ , we find that $$ M_{y}(x, y)=0=N_{x}(x, y) $$ so the given equation is exact. Thus there is a $ψ(x, y)$ such that $$ \begin{aligned} \psi_{x}(x, y) &=(2 x+3) \\ \psi_{y}(x, y) &=(2 y-2) \end{aligned} $$ Integrating the first of these equations with respect to $x$ , we obtain $$ \psi(x, y)=x^{2}+3x+h(y) \quad \quad (**) $$ Setting $ψ_{y} = N$ gives $$ \psi_{y}(x, y)=h^{\prime}(y)=2y-2 $$ Thus $h^{\prime}(y)=2y-2$ and $h(y)=y^{2} -2y$ The constant of integration can be omitted since any solution of the preceding differential equation is satisfactory. Now substituting for h(y) in Eq. (**) gives $$ \psi(x, y)=x^{2}+3x+y^{2} -2y $$ Hence solutions of Eq. (*) are given implicitly by $$ x^{2}+3x+y^{2} -2y=c $$ where $c$ is an arbitrary constant
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