Answer
(a) The notion of curvature measures how sharply a curve bends. We would expect the curvature to be $0$ for a straight line , to be very small for curves which bend very little and to be large for curves which bend sharply.Its direction changes if the curve bends .The more the curve bends , the more the direction of the tangent vector will change.
It is defined as $\kappa=||\frac{dT}{ds}||$
Here, $T$ represents a unit tangent vector.
(b) From part (a), we have
$\kappa=||\frac{dT}{ds}||$
Using chain rule of differentiation, we get
$\frac{d}{dt}[u(f(t))]=f'(t)u'(f(t))$
$\kappa=||\dfrac{dT/dt}{ds/dt}||$
Since, $ds/dt=||r'(t)||$
Thus, $\kappa=||\dfrac{dT/dt}{r'(t)}||$
(c) A formula for curvature in terms of $r'(t)$ and $r''(t)$ is:
$\kappa(t)=\dfrac{|r'(t) \times r''(t)|}{|r'(t)^3|}$
(d) A formula for the curvature of a plane with equation $y=f(x)$ is:
$\kappa(t)=\dfrac{|f''(x)|}{[1+(f'(x))^2]^{\frac{3}{2}}}$
Work Step by Step
(a) The notion of curvature measures how sharply a curve bends. We would expect the curvature to be $0$ for a straight line , to be very small for curves which bend very little and to be large for curves which bend sharply.Its direction changes if the curve bends .The more the curve bends , the more the direction of the tangent vector will change.
It is defined as $\kappa=||\frac{dT}{ds}||$
Here, $T$ represents a unit tangent vector.
(b) From part (a), we have
$\kappa=||\frac{dT}{ds}||$
Using chain rule of differentiation, we get
$\frac{d}{dt}[u(f(t))]=f'(t)u'(f(t))$
$\kappa=||\dfrac{dT/dt}{ds/dt}||$
Since, $ds/dt=||r'(t)||$
Thus, $\kappa=||\dfrac{dT/dt}{r'(t)}||$
(c) A formula for curvature in terms of $r'(t)$ and $r''(t)$ is:
$\kappa(t)=\dfrac{|r'(t) \times r''(t)|}{|r'(t)^3|}$
(d) A formula for the curvature of a plane with equation $y=f(x)$ is:
$\kappa(t)=\dfrac{|f''(x)|}{[1+(f'(x))^2]^{\frac{3}{2}}}$