Differential Equations and Linear Algebra (4th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32196-467-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-32196-467-0

Chapter 7 - Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors - 7.6 Jordan Canonical Forms - Problems - Page 488: 39

Answer

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Work Step by Step

1. Find eigenvalues: (A-$\lambda$I)$\vec{V}$=$\vec{0}$ $\begin{bmatrix} -2\lambda & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -3-\lambda & -1\\ -1 & 1 & -1-\lambda\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} v_1\\ v_2 \\ v_3 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0 \\0 \end{bmatrix}$ $\begin{bmatrix} -2\lambda & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -3-\lambda & -1\\ -1 & 1 & -1-\lambda\end{bmatrix}=0$ $(-2+\lambda+1)^3=0$ $\lambda_1=\lambda_2=\lambda_3=-2$ 2. Find eigenvectors: For $\lambda=-2$ let $B=A-\lambda_1I$ $B=\begin{bmatrix} -2-\lambda & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -3-\lambda & -1\\ -1 & 1 & -1-\lambda\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & -1 & -1\\ -1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix} 0\\ 0 \\0 \end{bmatrix} $ Let $r,s,t$ be free variables. $\vec{V}=r(0,1,-1)+s(0,1,-1)+t(1,1,0)\\ E_1=\{(0,1,-1);(0,1,-1);(1,1,0)\} \\ \rightarrow dim(E_2)=3$ Hence, $S=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} $ We have $x=Sy \rightarrow x'=Ax \rightarrow y'=\begin{bmatrix} -2 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -2 &0 \\ 0 & 0 & -2 \end{bmatrix}y $ then $y_1=c_1e^{-2t}+c_2te^{-2t}\\ y_2=c_2e^{-2t}\\ y_3=c_3e^{-2t}$ Hence, $x(t)=S.y(t)=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} c_1e^{-2t}+c_2te^{-2t}\\ c_2e^{-2t} \\ c_3e^{-2t} \end{bmatrix} \\ =\begin{bmatrix} c_2e^{-2t}+c_3e^{-2t} \\ c_1e^{-2t}+c_2te^{-2t}+c_3e^{-2t} \\ -c_1e^{-2t}-c_2te^{-2t} \end{bmatrix} $
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