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- ^ Behr 1993, 39–42.
- ^ A. F. Davidson, Victor Hugo: His Life And Work (J. B. Lippincott, 1929), Kindle Location 4026, 4189
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- ^ Brombert 1988, pp. 195–197.
- ^ Alexander Welsh, "Opening and Closing Les Misérables," in Harold Bloom, ed., Modern Critical Views: Victor Hugo (Chelsea House, 1988), 151–152
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- ^ Behr 1993, 29–30.
- ^ Behr 1993, 32.
- ^ a b Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393045789.
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- ^ Robb, Graham (1999). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0393318999.
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