Answer
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The closed-world assumption is commonly used in database systems and logic programming.
1. **Database Systems**: In database systems, the closed-world assumption is used when querying data. It assumes that if a fact is not known to be true, then it is false. This means that the database contains all the relevant information, and if a specific record does not exist, it is considered as false.
2. **Logic Programming**: In logic programming, such as in Prolog, the closed-world assumption is used when reasoning about the truth of statements. If a statement cannot be proved to be true, it is considered false. This approach simplifies reasoning by assuming that the knowledge base contains all relevant information.
