In Chapter One, what suggests that Willie has been not treated very well by his mother?

In Chapter One. Tom immediately sees that Willy is sickly and unusually quiet. He's afraid of dogs because his mother told him to be afraid, he is timid, and he has bruises on his legs. He also recoils from Tom in a way that reflects he has been beaten. Willy's mother has also packed a belt for Tom to use when her son is "bad".