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^ Brown 1905, p. 52.
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^ Wright 2007, p. 34.
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^ Wineapple 2001, p. 26.
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^ Miller 1991, p. 250.
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^ Wineapple 2001, p. 24.
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^ Youra 1986.
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^ a b Fetterley 1991.
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^ Yellin 2001, p. 148.
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^ Marsh 2016.
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^ Quinn 1998, p. 331.
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^ a b Heilman 1987.
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^ a b c Wright 2007.
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^ Randel 1996.
Sources
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Brown, Nina E. (1905). A Bibliography of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
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Fetterley, Judith (1991). "Women Beware Science: 'The Birthmark'". In Frank, Albert J. von (ed.). Critical Essays on Hawthorne's Short Stories. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. pp. 164–173.
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Marsh, Clayton (December 1, 2016). "Hawthorne's Distillery: Time and Temperance in 'The Birth-Mark' And Other Tales". American Literature. 88 (4): 723–753. doi:10.1215/00029831-3711102.
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Miller, Edwin Haviland (1991). "Salem Is My Dwelling Place": A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-332-2.
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Heilman, Robert B. (1987). "Hawthorne's 'The Birthmark': Science as Religion". In James McIntosh (ed.). Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tales. New York: Norton. pp. 421–427.
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Quinn, Arthur Hobson (1998). Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5730-9.
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Randel, Don Michael (October 13, 1996). The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674372993.
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Wineapple, Brenda (2001). "Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804–1864: A Brief Biography". In Larry J. Reynolds (ed.). A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–45. ISBN 0-19-512414-6.
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Wright, Sarah Bird (2007). Critical Companion to Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File.
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Yellin, Jean Fagan (2001). "Hawthorne and the Slavery Question". In Larry J. Reynolds (ed.). A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 135–164. ISBN 0-19-512414-6.
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Youra, Steven (1986). ""The Fatal Hand": A Sign of Confusion in Hawthorne's "The Birth-Mark"". American Transcendental Quarterly. 60: 43–51.
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