The Enuma Elish Anonymous - The Enuma Elish

1. ^ Cory 1828, pp. 25–29.
2. ^ Cory 1876, pp. 58–60: "There was a time in which there was nothing but darkness and an abyss of waters, wherein resided most hideous beings which were produced of a two-fold principle. Men appeared with two wings, some with four wings, and two faces. They had one body but two heads, one of a man, the other of a woman. They were likewise, in their several organs, both male and female. Other human figures were to be seen with the legs and horns of goats. Some had horses' feet; others had the limbs of a horse behind but, in front, were fashioned like men resembling hippocentaurs. Bulls, likewise, bred there with the heads of men; and dogs, with fourfold bodies, and the tails of fishes. Also horses, with the heads of dogs : men, too, and other animals, with the heads and bodies of horses and the tails of fishes. In short, there were creatures with the limbs of every species of animals. Add to these fishes, reptiles, serpents, with other wonderful animals, which assumed each other's shape and countenance. Of all these were preserved delineations in the temple of Belus at Babylon."The person, who was supposed to have presided over them, was a woman named Omoroca [a corruption of the Aramaic Amqia – 'the deep' or 'ocean', cf Tiamat]; which in the Chaldee language is Thalatth; which in Greek is interpreted Thalassa, the sea: but, according to the most true computation, it is equivalent to Selene, the Moon. All things being in this situation, Belus came, and cut the woman asunder: and, out of one half of her, he formed the Earth, and of the other half the heavens; and at the same time he destroyed the animals in the abyss. All this (he says) was an allegorical description of nature. For the whole universe consisting of moisture, and animals being continually generated therein; the deity (Belus), above-mentioned, cut off his own head; upon which the other gods mixed the blood, as it gushed out, with the earth; and from thence men were formed. On this account it is that men are rational, and partake of divine knowledge. This Belus, whom men call Dis, (or Pluto,) divided the darkness, and separated the heavens from the earth, and reduced the universe to order. But the animals so recently created, not being able to bear the prevalence of light, died."Belus upon this, seeing a vast space quite uninhabited, though by nature very fruitful, ordered one of the gods to take off his head; and when it was taken off, they were to mix the blood with the soil of the Earth, and from thence to form other men and animals, which should be capable of bearing the light. Belus also formed the stars, and the Sun and the Moon, together with the five planets."
3. ^ Mayer Burstein 1978, p. 8: "If Berossus exercised little criticism on his sources, the fragments make it clear that he did choose good sources, most likely from a library at Babylon, and that he reliably reported their contents in Greek. Thus, in book one he essentially followed a version of Enuma Elish for the story of creation".
4. ^ Cory 1876, p. 57.
5. ^ Mayer Burstein 1978, pp. 7, 14.
6. ^ Cory 1828, pp. 25–29: "Moreover Oannes wrote concerning the generations of mankind, of their different ways of life, and of their civil polity; and the following is the purport of what he said: "There was a time in which there was nothing but darkness and an abyss of waters, ...".
7. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 75–76.
8. ^ Budge 1921, p. 1.
9. ^ Smith 1876, pp. 2–3.
10. ^ Smith 1876, pp. 3–18.
11. ^ Budge 1921, pp. 1–2.
12. ^ Smith 1876, p. 13.
13. ^ Smith 1876, pp. 101–112.
14. ^ Budge 1921, p. 67, Note 2.
15. ^ King 1902, v. 1, preface; pp. 219ff., Appendix IV.
16. ^ King 1902, v. 1, preface; pp. xxvi–xxx, introduction.
17. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 2.
18. ^ Budge 1921, pp. 2–4.
19. ^ King 1902, v. 1, preface.
20. ^ King 1902, pp. xlix, liv.
21. ^ King 1902, p. lxiii.
22. ^ King 1902, p. lxvii.
23. ^ King 1902, p. cxiii.
24. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 1.
25. ^ Luckenbill 1921, pp. 12–13.
26. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 1–2.
27. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 2–3.
28. ^ Seri, Andrea (2017). "Some Notes on enūma eliš". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 137 (4): 833–38. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0833. JSTOR 10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0833.
29. ^ Haubold, Johannes (2017). "From Text to Reading in Enūma Eliš" (PDF). Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 69. The American Schools of Oriental Research: 221–246. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.69.2017.0221. JSTOR 10.5615/jcunestud.69.2017.0221. S2CID 164283912. The last decade has seen important advances in scholarship on the Babylonian poem Enuma Elis. Three new editions, by Talon (2005), Kämmerer and Metzler (2012), and Lambert (2013), have collected the extant manuscripts and on that basis established a much improved text.
30. ^ Frahm 2010, p. 5.
31. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 14.
32. ^ Sommerfield 1987, p. 368.
33. ^ Beaulieu 2018, p. 162.
34. ^ Lambert 1984, p. 4.
35. ^ Frahm 2010, p. 6.
36. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 66.
37. ^ Lambert 2013, p. 256–258.
38. ^ Johandi 2018, p. 565.
39. ^ Sommerfield 1987, p. 364.
40. ^ Beaulieu 2018, p. 161.
41. ^ Sommerfield 1982, p. 175.
42. ^ Lambert 1984, pp. 3–4.
43. ^ Lambert 1984, p. 3.
44. ^ Dalley 2008, p. 229.
45. ^ Frahm 2010, pp. 5–6.
46. ^ King 1902, v. 2, preface.
47. ^ King 1902, pp. cxi–cxiii.
48. ^ King 1902, pp. cxiii–cxiv.
49. ^ Library of Ashurbanipal No. 93014, British Museum
50. ^ Budge 1921, pp. 5–7.
51. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 15.
52. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 67–68.
53. ^ Seri 2014, p. 97.
54. ^ Lambert 2013, p. 449.
55. ^ Dalley 2008, p. 230.
56. ^ Seri 2014, p. 99.
57. ^ a b Lambert 2013, p. 451.
58. ^ Lambert 2013, p. 450.
59. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 69.
60. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 110.
61. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 112–113.
62. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 108–109.
63. ^ Wisnom 2020, p. 108.
64. ^ Seri 2014, p. 98.
65. ^ Seri 2014, p. 100.
66. ^ Ayali-Darshan 2015, p. 25.
67. ^ Bachvarova 2017, p. 154.
68. ^ Ayali-Darshan 2015, p. 31.
69. ^ Ayali-Darshan 2015, p. 43.
70. ^ Smith, Jonathan Z. (1982), Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown, University of Chicago Press, p. 93, ISBN 0-226-76360-9
71. ^ Sommer 2000, pp. 81–85, p. 82, note 7, p. 90, p. 91, note 49.
72. ^ Sommer 2000, pp. 91, note 49.
73. ^ Nakata, Ichiro (1968). "Problems of the Babylonian Akitu Festival" (PDF). Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society. 1: 42.
74. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 17.
75. ^ Heidel 1951, p. 82.
76. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 82–118.
77. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 118–122.
78. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 128–29.
79. ^ Heidel 1951, pp. 129–139.
80. ^ Conrad Hyers, M. (1984). The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science. John Knox.
81. ^ Hastings, James, ed. (1918). "Sabbath (Babylonian)". Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 10. Kessinger. pp. 889–891.
82. ^ Yadin, Y. (1971). "A Note on the Scenes Depicted on the 'Ain-Samiya Cup". Israel Exploration Journal. 21 (2/3): 82–85. JSTOR 27925266.

Sources

• Ayali-Darshan, Noga (17 September 2015). "The Other Version of the Story of the Storm-god's Combat with the Sea in the Light of Egyptian, Ugaritic, and Hurro-Hittite Texts". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 15 (1): 20–51. doi:10.1163/15692124-12341268. ISSN 1569-2116.

• Bachvarova, Mary (2017). revision of translation: "Kumarbi Cycle". Gods, Heroes, and Monsters: A Sourcebook of Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern Myths in Translation. Oxford University Press. pp. 154–176.

• Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2 February 2018). A History of Babylon, 2200BC-AD75 (1st ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

• Cory, I.P. (1828). The Ancient Fragments ; containing what remains of the writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho.

• Cory, I.P. (1876). Richmond Hodges, E. (ed.). Cory's Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician, Carthaginian, Babylonian, Egyptian and other authors.

• Smith, George (1876). The Chaldean account of Genesis. New York: Scribner, Armstrong.
• Dalley, Stephanie (2008). Myths from Mesopotamia: creation, the flood, Gilgamesh, and others (Revised, reissued ed.). Oxford University Press: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199538362.

• Frahm, Eckart (2010). "Counter-texts, Commentaries, and Adaptations: Politically Motivated Responses to the Babylonian Epic of Creation in Mesopotamia, the Biblical World, and Elsewhere". Orient. 45: 3–33.

• Johandi, Andreas (2018). "Some Remarks about the Beginnings of Marduk". Conceptualizing the Past, Present and Future- Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Melammu Project Held in Helsinki/Tartu May 18-24, 2015.

• Lambert, W.G (1984). "Studies in Marduk". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 47 (1): 1–9.

• Seri, Andrea (2014). "Borrowings to Create Anew: Intertextuality in the Babylonian Poem of "Creation" (Enūma eliš)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 134 (1): 89–106. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.1.0089. ISSN 0003-0279.

• Sommerfield, Walter (1982). Der Aufstieg Marduks: Die Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. Butzon & Bercker. ISBN 978-3766692733.

• Sommerfield, Walter (1987). "Marduk. A. Philologisch. I. In Mesopotamien". Reallexicon der Assyriologie.

• Wisnom, Laura Selena (2020). Weapons of words: intertextual competition in Babylonian poetry a study of Anzū, Enūma eliš, and Erra and Išum. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004412972.

• Jensen, Peter (1890). Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (in German). Strassbourg: Trübner.

• Gunkel, Herman; Zimmern, Heinrich (1895). Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit : eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen 1 und Ap Joh 12 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. , alt link
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• King, L. W. (1902). The Seven Tablets of Creation. Luzac's Semitic Text and Translation Series.
  • English Translations, etc. Vol. 1.
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• Budge, Wallis E.A. (1921). The Babylonian Legends of the Creation and the Fight between Bel and the Dragon. British Museum. , alt link
• Luckenbill, D. D. (Oct 1921). "The Ashur Version of the Seven Tablets of Creation". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 38 (1): 12–35. doi:10.1086/369940. S2CID 170772887.
• Heidel, Alexander (1951) [1942]. The Babylonian Genesis (PDF) (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-32399-4.
• Pritchard, James B., ed. (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03503-2.
• Mayer Burstein, Stanley (1978). The babyloniaca of berossus. Sources from the ancient near east (SANE). Vol. 1. ISBN 0-89003-003-0.
• Sommer, Benjamin D. (2000). "The Babylonian Akitu Festival: Rectifying the King or Renewing the Cosmos?". Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society. 27 (1): 81–85, p. 82, note 7, p. 90, p. 91, note 49.
• Talon, Philippe (2005). The Standard Babylonian Creation Myth Enūma Eliš. State Archives of Assyria Cuneiform Texts (SAACT). Vol. 4. ISBN 952-10-1328-1.
• Kämmerer, Thomas. R.; Metzler, Kai. A. (2012). Das babylonische Weltschöpfungsepos Enûma elîsch. Alter Orient Und Altes Testament (in German). Ugarit-Verlag, Münster. ISBN 978-3-86835-036-4.
• Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian Creation Myths. ISBN 978-1-57506-247-1.
• Gabriel, Gösta (2014). enūma eliš: Weg zu einer globalen Weltordnung. ISBN 978-3161528729.

Further reading

• Deimel, Anton (1936). Enûma Eliš, sive, Epos babylonicum de creatione mundi in usum scholae. OCLC 1100147532.
• Landsberger, B.; Kinnier Wilson, J. V. (1961). "The Fifth Tablet of Enuma Eliš". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 20 (3): 154–79. doi:10.1086/371634. JSTOR 543187. S2CID 162666046.
• Lambert, Wilfred G.; Parker, Simon B. (1966). Enûma Eliš. The Babylonian Epic of Creation. Oxford.
• Vanstiphout, H. L. J. (1981). "Enūma eliš: Tablet V Lines 15–22". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 33 (3/4): 196–98. doi:10.2307/1359901. JSTOR 1359901. S2CID 163522227.
• Al-Rawi, F. N. H.; Black, J. A. (1994). "A New Manuscript of Enūma Eliš, Tablet VI". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 46: 131–39. doi:10.2307/1359949. JSTOR 1359949. S2CID 164063804.