The Diary of Samuel Pepys Samuel Pepys

On 1 January 1660 ("1 January 1659/1660" in contemporary terms), Pepys began to keep a diary. He recorded his daily life for almost 10 years. This record of a decade of Pepys' life is more than a million words long and is often regarded as Britain's most celebrated diary.[17] Pepys has been called the greatest diarist of all time due to his frankness in writing concerning his own weaknesses and the accuracy with which he records events of daily British life and major events in the 17th century.[18] Pepys wrote about the contemporary court and theatre (including his amorous affairs with the actresses), his household, and major political and social occurrences.[19] Historians have been using his diary to gain greater insight and understanding of life in London in the 17th century. Pepys wrote consistently on subjects such as personal finances, the time he got up in the morning, the weather, and what he ate. He wrote at length about his new watch which he was very proud of (and which had an alarm, a new accessory at the time), a country visitor who did not enjoy his time in London because he felt that it was too crowded, and his cat waking him up at one in the morning.[20] Pepys' diary is one of a very few sources which provides such length in details of everyday life of an upper-middle-class man during the 17th century. The descriptions of the lives of his servants like Jane Birch provide a valuable detailed insight into their lives.[21]

Aside from day-to-day activities, Pepys also commented on the significant and turbulent events of his nation. England was in disarray when he began writing his diary. Oliver Cromwell had died just a few years before, creating a period of civil unrest and a large power vacuum to be filled. Pepys had been a strong supporter of Cromwell, but he converted to the Royalist cause upon the Protector's death. He was on the ship that returned Charles II to England to take up his throne and gave first-hand accounts of other significant events from the early years of the Restoration, such as the coronation of Charles II, the Great Plague, the Great Fire of London, and the Anglo–Dutch Wars.

Pepys did not plan on his contemporaries ever seeing his diary, which is evident from the fact that he wrote in shorthand and sometimes in a "code" of various Spanish, French, and Italian words (especially when describing his illicit affairs).[22] However, Pepys often juxtaposed profanities in his native English amidst his "code" of foreign words, a practice which would reveal the details to any casual reader. He did intend for future generations to see the diary, as evidenced by its inclusion in his library and its catalogue before his death along with the shorthand guide he used and the elaborate planning by which he ensured his library survived intact after his death.[23]

The women he pursued, his friends, and his dealings are all laid out. His diary reveals his jealousies, insecurities, trivial concerns, and his fractious relationship with his wife. It has been an important account of London in the 1660s. The juxtaposition of his commentary on politics and national events, alongside the very personal, can be seen from the beginning. His opening paragraphs, written in January 1660, begin:

Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three. My wife, after the absence of her terms for seven weeks,[e] gave me hopes of her being with child, but on the last day of the year she hath them again.

The condition of the State was thus. Viz. the Rump, after being disturbed by my Lord Lambert, was lately returned to sit again. The officers of the army all forced to yield. Lawson lie[s] still in the River and Monke is with his army in Scotland. Only my Lord Lambert is not yet come in to the Parliament; nor is it expected that he will, without being forced to it.

—  Diary of Samuel Pepys, January 1660.

The entries from the first few months were filled with news of General George Monck's march on London. In April and May of that year, he encountered problems with his wife, and he accompanied Montagu's fleet to the Netherlands to bring Charles II back from exile. Montagu was made Earl of Sandwich on 18 June, and Pepys secured the position of Clerk of the Acts to the Navy Board on 13 July.[8] As secretary to the board, Pepys was entitled to a £350 annual salary plus the various gratuities and benefits that came with the job—including bribes. He rejected an offer of £1,000 for the position from a rival and soon afterward moved to official accommodation in Seething Lane in the City of London.[24]

Pepys stopped writing his diary in 1669. His eyesight began to trouble him and he feared that writing in dim light was damaging his eyes. He did imply in his last entries that he might have others write his diary for him, but doing so would result in a loss of privacy and it seems that he never went through with those plans. In the end, Pepys lived another 34 years without going blind, but he never took to writing his diary again.[25]

However, Pepys dictated a journal for two months in 1669–70 as a record of his dealings with the Commissioners of Accounts at that period.[26] He also kept a diary for a few months in 1683 when he was sent to Tangier, Morocco as the most senior civil servant in the navy, during the English evacuation. The diary mostly covers work-related matters.[27]

Public life

On the Navy Board, Pepys proved to be a more able and efficient worker than colleagues in higher positions. This often annoyed Pepys and provoked much harsh criticism in his diary. Among his colleagues were Admiral Sir William Penn, Sir George Carteret, Sir John Mennes, and Sir William Batten.[8]

Pepys learned arithmetic from a private tutor and used models of ships to make up for his lack of first-hand nautical experience, and ultimately came to play a significant role in the board's activities. In September 1660, he was made a Justice of the Peace; on 15 February 1662, Pepys was admitted as a Younger Brother of Trinity House; and on 30 April, he received the freedom of Portsmouth. Through Sandwich, he was involved in the administration of the short-lived English colony at Tangier. He joined the Tangier committee in August 1662 when the colony was first founded and became its treasurer in 1665. In 1663, he independently negotiated a £3,000 contract for Norwegian masts, demonstrating the freedom of action that his superior abilities allowed. He was appointed to a commission of the royal fishery on 8 April 1664.

Pepys' job required him to meet many people to dispense money and make contracts. He often laments how he "lost his labour" having gone to some appointment at a coffee house or tavern, only to discover that the person whom he was seeking was not there. These occasions were a constant source of frustration to Pepys.

Major events

Pepys' diary provides a first-hand account of the Restoration, and includes detailed accounts of several major events of the 1660s, along with the lesser known diary of John Evelyn. In particular, it is an invaluable source for the study of the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665–7, the Great Plague of 1665, and the Great Fire of London in 1666. In relation to the Plague and Fire, C. S. Knighton has written: "From its reporting of these two disasters to the metropolis in which he thrived, Pepys's diary has become a national monument."[8] Robert Latham, editor of the definitive edition of the diary, remarks concerning the Plague and Fire: "His descriptions of both—agonisingly vivid—achieve their effect by being something more than superlative reporting; they are written with compassion. As always with Pepys it is people, not literary effects, that matter."[28]

Second Anglo-Dutch War

In early 1665, the start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War placed great pressure on Pepys. His colleagues were either engaged elsewhere or incompetent, and Pepys had to conduct a great deal of business himself. He excelled under the pressure, which was extreme due to the complexity and underfunding of the Royal Navy.[8] At the outset, he proposed a centralised approach to supplying the fleet. His idea was accepted, and he was made surveyor-general of victualling in October 1665. The position brought a further £300 a year.[8]

Pepys wrote about the Second Anglo-Dutch War: "In all things, in wisdom, courage, force and success, the Dutch have the best of us and do end the war with victory on their side". And King Charles II said: "Don't fight the Dutch, imitate them".

In 1667, with the war lost, Pepys helped to discharge the navy.[8] The Dutch had defeated England on open water and now began to threaten English soil itself. In June 1667, they conducted their Raid on the Medway, broke the defensive chain at Gillingham, and towed away the Royal Charles, one of the Royal Navy's most important ships. As he had done during the Fire and the Plague, Pepys again removed his wife and his gold from London.[8]

The Dutch raid was a major concern in itself, but Pepys was personally placed under a different kind of pressure: the Navy Board and his role as Clerk of the Acts came under scrutiny from the public and from Parliament. The war ended in August and, on 17 October, the House of Commons created a committee of "miscarriages".[8] On 20 October, a list was demanded from Pepys of ships and commanders at the time of the division of the fleet in 1666.[8] However, these demands were actually quite desirable for him, as tactical and strategic mistakes were not the responsibility of the Navy Board.

The Board did face some allegations regarding the Medway raid, but they could exploit the criticism already attracted by Commissioner of Chatham Peter Pett to deflect criticism from themselves.[8] The committee accepted this tactic when they reported in February 1668. The Board was, however, criticised for its use of tickets to pay seamen. These tickets could only be exchanged for cash at the Navy's treasury in London.[8] Pepys made a long speech at the bar of the Commons on 5 March 1668 defending this practice. It was, in the words of C. S. Knighton, a "virtuoso performance".[8]

The commission was followed by an investigation led by a more powerful authority, the commissioners of accounts. They met at Brooke House, Holborn and spent two years scrutinising how the war had been financed. In 1669, Pepys had to prepare detailed answers to the committee's eight "Observations" on the Navy Board's conduct. In 1670, he was forced to defend his own role. A seaman's ticket with Pepys' name on it was produced as incontrovertible evidence of his corrupt dealings but, thanks to the intervention of the king, Pepys emerged from the sustained investigation relatively unscathed.[8]

Great Plague

Outbreaks of plague were not unusual events in London; major epidemics had occurred in 1592, 1603, 1625 and 1636.[29] Furthermore, Pepys was not among the group of people who were most at risk. He did not live in cramped housing, he did not routinely mix with the poor, and he was not required to keep his family in London in the event of a crisis.[30] It was not until June 1665 that the unusual seriousness of the plague became apparent, so Pepys' activities in the first five months of 1665 were not significantly affected by it.[30] Claire Tomalin wrote that 1665 was, to Pepys, one of the happiest years of his life. He worked very hard that year, and the outcome was that he quadrupled his fortune.[30] In his annual summary on 31 December, he wrote, "I have never lived so merrily (besides that I never got so much) as I have done this plague time".[31]

Nonetheless, Pepys was certainly concerned about the plague. On 16 August he wrote:

But, Lord! how sad a sight it is to see the streets empty of people, and very few upon the 'Change. Jealous of every door that one sees shut up, lest it should be the plague; and about us two shops in three, if not more, generally shut up.

—  Diary of Samuel Pepys, Wednesday, 16 August 1665.

He also chewed tobacco as a protection against infection, and worried that wig-makers might be using hair from the corpses as a raw material. Furthermore, it was Pepys who suggested that the Navy Office should evacuate to Greenwich, although he did offer to remain in town himself. He later took great pride in his stoicism.[32] Meanwhile, Elisabeth Pepys was sent to Woolwich.[8] She did not return to Seething Lane until January 1666 and was shocked by the sight of St Olave's churchyard, where 300 people had been buried.[33]

Great Fire of London

In the early hours of 2 September 1666, Pepys was awakened by Jane the maid, his servant, who had spotted a fire in the Billingsgate area. He decided that the fire was not particularly serious and returned to bed. Shortly after waking, his servant returned and reported that 300 houses had been destroyed and that London Bridge was threatened. Pepys went to the Tower of London to get a better view. Without returning home, he took a boat and observed the fire for over an hour. In his diary, Pepys recorded his observations as follows:

I down to the water-side, and there got a boat and through bridge, and there saw a lamentable fire. Poor Michell's house, as far as the Old Swan, already burned that way, and the fire running further, that in a very little time it got as far as the Steeleyard, while I was there. Everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that layoff; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another. And among other things, the poor pigeons, I perceive, were loth to leave their houses, but hovered about the windows and balconys till they were, some of them burned, their wings, and fell down. Having staid, and in an hour's time seen the fire: rage every way, and nobody, to my sight, endeavouring to quench it, but to remove their goods, and leave all to the fire, and having seen it get as far as the Steele-yard, and the wind mighty high and driving it into the City; and every thing, after so long a drought, proving combustible, even the very stones of churches, and among other things the poor steeple by which pretty Mrs.———— lives, and whereof my old school-fellow Elborough is parson, taken fire in the very top, and there burned till it fell down...

—  Diary of Samuel Pepys, Sunday, 2 September 1666.

The wind was driving the fire westward, so he ordered the boat to go to Whitehall and became the first person to inform the king of the fire. According to his entry of 2 September 1666, Pepys recommended to the king that homes be pulled down in the path of the fire in order to stem its progress. Accepting this advice, the king told him to go to Lord Mayor Thomas Bloodworth and tell him to start pulling down houses. Pepys took a coach back as far as St Paul's Cathedral before setting off on foot through the burning city. He found the Lord Mayor, who said, "Lord! what can I do? I am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses; but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it." At noon, he returned home and "had an extraordinary good dinner, and as merry, as at this time we could be", before returning to watch the fire in the city once more. Later, he returned to Whitehall, then met his wife in St James's Park. In the evening, they watched the fire from the safety of Bankside. Pepys writes that "it made me weep to see it". Returning home, Pepys met his clerk Tom Hayter who had lost everything. Hearing news that the fire was advancing, he started to pack up his possessions by moonlight.

A cart arrived at 4 a.m. on 3 September and Pepys spent much of the day arranging the removal of his possessions. Many of his valuables, including his diary, were sent to a friend from the Navy Office at Bethnal Green.[34] At night, he "fed upon the remains of yesterday's dinner, having no fire nor dishes, nor any opportunity of dressing any thing." The next day, Pepys continued to arrange the removal of his possessions. By then, he believed that Seething Lane was in grave danger, so he suggested calling men from Deptford to help pull down houses and defend the king's property.[34] He described the chaos in the city and his curious attempt at saving his own goods:

Sir W. Pen and I to Tower-streete, and there met the fire burning three or four doors beyond Mr. Howell's, whose goods, poor man, his trayes, and dishes, shovells, &c., were flung all along Tower-street in the kennels, and people working therewith from one end to the other; the fire coming on in that narrow streete, on both sides, with infinite fury. Sir W. Batten not knowing how to remove his wine, did dig a pit in the garden, and laid it in there; and I took the opportunity of laying all the papers of my office that I could not otherwise dispose of. And in the evening Sir W. Pen and I did dig another, and put our wine in it; and I my Parmazan cheese, as well as my wine and some other things.

—  Diary of Samuel Pepys, Tuesday, 4 September 1666.

Pepys had taken to sleeping on his office floor; on Wednesday, 5 September, he was awakened by his wife at 2 a.m. She told him that the fire had almost reached All Hallows-by-the-Tower and that it was at the foot of Seething Lane. He decided to send her and his gold — about £2,350 — to Woolwich. In the following days, Pepys witnessed looting, disorder, and disruption. On 7 September, he went to Paul's Wharf and saw the ruins of St Paul's Cathedral, of his old school, of his father's house, and of the house in which he had had his bladder stone removed.[35] Despite all this destruction, Pepys' house, office, and diary were saved.

Personal life

The diary gives a detailed account of Pepys' personal life. He was fond of wine, plays, and the company of other people. He also spent time evaluating his fortune and his place in the world. He was always curious and often acted on that curiosity, as he acted upon almost all his impulses. Periodically, he would resolve to devote more time to hard work instead of leisure. For example, in his entry for New Year's Eve, 1661, he writes: "I have newly taken a solemn oath about abstaining from plays and wine…" The following months reveal his lapses to the reader; by 17 February, it is recorded, "Here I drank wine upon necessity, being ill for the want of it."

Pepys was one of the most important civil servants of his age, and was also a widely cultivated man, taking an interest in books, music, the theatre, and science. Aside from English, he was fluent in French and read many texts in Latin. His favourite author was Virgil. He was passionately interested in music; he composed, sang, and played for pleasure, and even arranged music lessons for his servants. He played the lute, viol, violin, flageolet, recorder, and spinet to varying degrees of proficiency.[8] He was also a keen singer, performing at home, in coffee houses, and even in Westminster Abbey.[8] He and his wife took flageolet lessons from master Thomas Greeting.[36] He also taught his wife to sing and paid for dancing lessons for her (although these stopped when he became jealous of the dancing master).

Pepys was an investor in the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa, which held the Royal monopoly on trading along the west coast of Africa in gold, silver, ivory, and slaves.[37]

Sexual relations

Propriety did not prevent him from engaging in a number of extramarital liaisons with various women that were chronicled in his diary, often in some detail when relating the intimate details. The most dramatic of these encounters was with Deborah Willet, a young woman engaged as a companion for Elisabeth Pepys. On 25 October 1668, Pepys was surprised by his wife as he embraced Deb Willet; he writes that his wife "coming up suddenly, did find me imbracing the girl con [with] my hand sub [under] su [her] coats; and endeed I was with my main [hand] in her cunny. I was at a wonderful loss upon it and the girl also...." Following this event, he was characteristically filled with remorse, but (equally characteristically) continued to pursue Willet after she had been dismissed from the Pepys household.[38] Pepys also had a habit of fondling the breasts of his maid Mary Mercer while she dressed him in the morning.[39]

Pepys may also have dallied with a leading actress of the Restoration period, Mary Knep. "Mrs Knep was the wife of a Smithfield horsedealer, and the mistress of Pepys"—or at least "she granted him a share of her favours".[40] Scholars disagree on the full extent of the Pepys/Knep relationship, but much of later generations' knowledge of Knep comes from the diary. Pepys first met Knep on 6 December 1665. He described her as "pretty enough, but the most excellent, mad-humoured thing, and sings the noblest that I ever heard in my life." He called her husband "an ill, melancholy, jealous-looking fellow"[41] and suspected him of abusing his wife. Knep provided Pepys with backstage access and was a conduit for theatrical and social gossip. When they wrote notes to each other, Pepys signed himself "Dapper Dickey", while Knep was "Barbry Allen" (a popular song that was an item in her musical repertory). Pepys' reference to purchasing the pornographic book L'Escole des Filles appears to be the first English reference to pornography. He writes in his diary that it was a "mighty lewd book," and burned it after reading it.[42]

Text of the diary

The diary was written in one of the many standard forms of shorthand used in Pepys' time, in this case called tachygraphy, and devised by Thomas Shelton. It is clear from its content that it was written as a purely personal record of his life and not for publication, yet there are indications that Pepys took steps to preserve the bound manuscripts of his diary. He wrote it out in fair copy from rough notes, and he also had the loose pages bound into six volumes, catalogued them in his library with all his other books, and is likely to have suspected that eventually someone would find them interesting.[43]

Simplified Pepys family tree

This tree summarizes, in a more compact form and with a few additional details, trees published elsewhere in a box-like form.[44][45] It is meant to help the reader of the Diary and also integrates some biographical information found in the same sources.

• William Pepys of Cottenham (Cambs.) (? – 1519)
  • Thomas Pepys
    • Richard Pepys (? – c. 1571)
      • William Pepys of Norwich, draper (1561 – c. 1639)
        • Richard Pepys of London, upholsterer (? – 1679)
  • John Pepys of South Creak (Norf.) (? – 1542)
    • Thomas Pepys (? – 1569)
      • Jerome Pepys (1548–1634)
        • John Pepys of Ashtead (Surrey), man of business to Chief Justice Edward Coke (1576–1652)   +(1610)+   Anne Walpole
          • Edward Pepys of Broomsthorpe (Norf.), lawyer (1617–1663)   +   Elizabeth Walpole
          • Elizabeth Pepys   +   Thomas Dyke
          • Jane Pepys (“Madam Turner”) (1623–1686)   +(1650)+   John Turner, Yorkshire lawyer (1631–1689)
            • Charles Turner   +   Margaret Cholmley
            • Theophila Turner (“The”) (1652–1702)   +(1673)+   Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet, of Stowford, M.P. for Okehampton (c. 1650 – 1686)
            • William Turner   +   Mary Foulis
            • Elizabeth Turner (“Betty”)   +   William Hooker
  • William Pepys of Cottenham (Cambs.)
    • John Pepys of Cottenham and Impington (Cambs.) (? – 1589)   (1) +   ? ?   (2) +   Edith Talbot (? – 1583)
      • John Pepys 1 (? – 1604)   +   Elizabeth Bendish of Essex
        • Sir Richard Pepys, M.P. for Sudbury and Lord Chief Justice of Ireland (1589–1659)   (1) +(1620)+   Judith Cutte   (2) +   Mary Gosnold
          • Richard Pepys of Ashen (Essex), lawyer (? – 1664)
          • Samuel Pepys of Dublin, clergyman
          • Elizabeth Pepys   +   Thomas Strudwick, confectioner
          • Judith Pepys (? – 1664)   +   Benjamin Scott, pewterer (? – 1664)
      • Thomas Pepys (“the Black”) 1 (? – 1606)   +   Mary Day
        • Robert Pepys of Brampton (Hunts.), bailiff at Hinchingbrooke (? – 1661)   +   Anne, widow Trice
        • Thomas Pepys of St Alphage (1595–1676)   +   Mary Syvret [Chiveret]
          • Thomas Pepys (“the turner”), trader with the W. Indies   +(1664)+   Elizabeth Howes
          • Charles Pepys (“the joiner”), Master-Joiner with the Chatham yard (c. 1632 – c. 1701)   +(1662)+   Joan, widow Smith
          • Mary Pepys (? – 1667)   +(1662)+   Samuel de Santhune, weaver of Huguenot origin
        • Jane Pepys (? – 1666)   +   John Perkin of Parson Drove (Cambs.)
          • Jane Perkin
          • Frank Perkin, miller and fiddler
        • Mary Pepys (1597 – ?)   +   Robert Holcroft
          • John Holcroft
        • Edith Pepys (“Aunt Bell”) (1599–1665)   +   John Bell
        • John Pepys, tailor in Salisbury Court (1601–1680)   +(1626)+   Margaret Kite, washmaid (? – 1667)
          • Mary Pepys (1627–1640)
          • Paulina Pepys (1628–1632)
          • Esther Pepys (1630–1631)
          • John Pepys (1632–1640)
          • Samuel Pepys, diarist, naval administrator, and M.P. for Castle Rising and Harwich (1633–1703)   +(1655)+   Élisabeth de Saint-Michel, born from an Anglo-French wedding, of Angevin gentry by her father (1640–1669)
          • Thomas Pepys (“Tom”), tailor against his will (1634–1664)
            • Elizabeth Taylor, an illegitimate daughter with his maid Margeret
          • Sarah Pepys (1635–1641)
          • Jacob Pepys (1637–1637)
          • Robert Pepys (1638–1638)
          • Paulina Pepys (“Pall”) (1640–1689)   +(1668)+   John Jackson, farmer in Ellington (Hunts.) (? – 1680)
            • Samuel Jackson (1669 – ?)
            • John Jackson, secretary and heir to SP (1673–1724)   +   Anne Edgeley
              • John Jackson (? – 1780)
              • 1 other son and 2 daughters
              • Anne Jackson   +   Brabazon Hallows
              • Paulina Jackson   +   Admiral R. Collins
              • Frances Jackson (1722–1769)   +(1747)+   John Cockerell of Bishops Hull (Somer.) (1714–1767)
                • John Cockerell
                • Charles Cockerell
                • Samuel Pepys Cockerell, architect (1754–1827)
                  • Charles Robert Cockerell, architect (1788–1863)   +(1828)+   Anna Rennie (1803–1872)
                    • Frederick Pepys Cockerell, architect (1833–1878)   +(1867)+   Mary Mulock
                      • 6 children
                    • 9 other children
            • 2 other children dead in infancy
          • John Pepys, naval administrator, unmarr. (1642–1677)
      • Thomas Pepys (“the Red”) 1 of Hatcham Barnes (Surrey) (? – 1615)   +   Kezia ?
        • Thomas Pepys (“the Executor”), lawyer (1611–1675)   (1) +(1654)+   Anne Cope   (2) +(1660)+   Ursula Stapleton (? – c. 1693)
          • 1 son and 1 daughter by the second wedding
        • Elizabeth Pepys   +(1633)+   Percival Angier, business man (? – 1665)
      • Elizabeth Pepys 1   +(1593)+   Henry Alcock
        • issue
      • Apollo Pepys 1 (1576–1645)
      • Paulina Pepys 2 (1581–1638)   +(1618)+   Sidney Montagu (? – 1644)
        • Elizabeth Montagu (1620 – ?)   +(1638)+   Sir Gilbert Pickering, 1st Baronet, Lord Chamberlain to Oliver and Richard Cromwell (1613–1668)
          • Elizabeth Pickering   +(1668)+   John Creed, secretary to Edward Montagu and SP's principal rival (? – 1701)
            • 11 children
          • 11 other children
        • Henry Montagu (1622–1625)
        • Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (“My Lord”) (1625–1672)   +(1642)+   Jemima Crew (“My Lady”) (1625–1674)
          • Jemima Montagu (“Lady Jem”) (1646–1671)   +(1665)+   Philip Carteret, commissioned lieutenant in the Navy (1643–1672)
            • George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret, (1667–1695)   +   Lady Grace Granville (1654–1744)
              • John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, Prime Minister to George II (1690–1763)   +   Lady Frances Worsley
            • 2 other sons
          • Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich (“Ned”) (1648–1688)   +(1668)+   Lady Anne Boyle (? – 1671)
            • descent of the Earls of Sandwich
          • Paulina Montagu (1649–1669)
          • Sidney Montagu, later Wortley-Montagu (1650–1727)   +   ? ?, Yorkshire heiress
            • issue
          • Anne Montagu (1653–1729)   (1) +(1671)+   Richard Edgcumbe (1640–1688)   (2) +   Christopher Montagu
          • Oliver Montagu (1655–1693)
          • John Montagu, Dean of Durham (1655–1729)
          • Charles Montagu (1658–1721)   (1) +   Elizabeth Forester   (2) +   Sarah Rogers
            • issue by both weddings
          • Catherine Montagu (1661–1757)   (1) +   Nicholas Bacon, M.P. for Ipswich (1622–1687)   (2) +   Balthazar Gardeman, clergyman
          • James Montagu (1664 – ?)
      • Talbot Pepys 2 of Impington (Cambs.), Recorder and M.P. for Cambridge, remarried 3 times (1583–1666)   +   Beatrice Castell
        • Roger Pepys of Impington (Cambs.), Recorder and M.P. for Cambridge (1617–1688)   (1) +   Anne Banks   (2) +(c. 1646)+   Barbara Bacon (? – 1657)   (3) +   Parnell Duke   (4) +(1669)+   Esther, widow Dickenson (“the good-humoured fat widow”)
          • Talbot Pepys 2 (1647–1681)
          • Barbara Pepys (“Bab”) 2 (1649–1689)   +(1674)+   Dr Thomas Gale, High Master of St Paul's School and Dean of York (1635–1702)
            • Charles Gale
            • Thomas Gale
            • Elizabeth Gale
            • Roger Gale, antiquary (1672–1744)
            • Samuel Gale, antiquary (1682–1754)
          • Elizabeth Pepys (“Betty”) 2 (1651–1716)   +(1680)+   Charles Long, fellow of Caius College and rector of Risby (Suff.)
          • John Pepys 3
        • Dr John Pepys, fellow of Trinity Hall and lawyer (1618–1692)   +   Catherine, widow Hobson
        • Dr Thomas Pepys, physician, poorly appreciated by SP, unmarr.
        • Paulina Pepys   +   Hammond Claxton of Booton (Norf.)