Chapter 17 - Section 17.7 - Study Guide - Assess Your Learning Outcomes - Page 669: 1

**Effects of Growth Hormone Hyposecretion (Deficiency)**: **Childhood Onset**: 1. **Stunted Growth**: In childhood, growth hormone deficiency can lead to significantly impaired linear growth, resulting in short stature. 2. **Delayed Physical Development**: Delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as delayed puberty, due to inadequate levels of growth hormone and other growth-related factors. 3. **Delayed Bone Maturation**: Bones may not mature at the expected rate, leading to skeletal immaturity. **Adult Onset**: 1. **Reduced Bone Density**: Growth hormone deficiency in adults can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis. 2. **Decreased Muscle Mass and Strength**: Muscle mass may decrease, leading to reduced strength and endurance. 3. **Increased Fat Accumulation**: Growth hormone deficiency can result in increased fat accumulation, particularly around the abdomen. **Effects of Growth Hormone Hypersecretion (Excess)**: **Childhood Onset (Gigantism)**: 1. **Excessive Growth**: Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to gigantism, characterized by excessive linear growth and tall stature. 2. **Enlarged Organs**: Internal organs, including the heart, can become enlarged due to increased tissue growth. 3. **Joint and Muscle Problems**: Excessive growth can lead to joint pain, mobility issues, and muscle weakness. **Adult Onset (Acromegaly)**: 1. **Enlargement of Bones and Soft Tissues**: Excessive growth hormone secretion in adults results in acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, face, and jaw. 2. **Cardiovascular Issues**: Enlarged heart and increased risk of cardiovascular problems, such as high blood pressure and heart failure, due to the effects of excess growth hormone on the cardiovascular system. 3. **Metabolic Changes**: Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, which can lead to an increased risk of diabetes. 4. **Joint and Muscle Problems**: Joint pain, arthritis, and muscle weakness due to the abnormal growth of tissues around joints. **Differences in Effects Between Childhood Onset and Adult Onset**: 1. **Timing of Growth Plate Closure**: In childhood onset hypersecretion (gigantism), the excessive growth hormone acts on open growth plates in bones, resulting in increased linear growth. In adult onset hypersecretion (acromegaly), growth plates are closed, leading to bone thickening and enlargement of soft tissues. 2. **Physical Development**: Childhood onset hypersecretion affects physical development, leading to overall body growth and potentially causing organ enlargement. Adult onset hypersecretion mainly causes enlargement of existing tissues. 3. **Skeletal Effects**: In childhood onset hypersecretion, excessive growth can lead to joint and skeletal problems due to the rapid growth of bones. In adult onset hypersecretion, bone thickening and soft tissue enlargement can result in joint pain, arthritis, and related issues. 4. **Secondary Sexual Characteristics**: Growth hormone hypersecretion during childhood may lead to delayed or altered puberty. In adult onset hypersecretion, secondary sexual characteristics are already developed, and the focus is on changes related to bone and soft tissue growth. 5. **Diagnostic Challenges**: Hypersecretion effects are more noticeable in childhood due to rapid growth, while in adults, acromegaly might not be immediately recognized, leading to delayed diagnosis. Both growth hormone deficiency and excess can have significant impacts on overall health and quality of life. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to minimize the effects of these conditions.

**Effects of Growth Hormone Hyposecretion (Deficiency)**: **Childhood Onset**: 1. **Stunted Growth**: In childhood, growth hormone deficiency can lead to significantly impaired linear growth, resulting in short stature. 2. **Delayed Physical Development**: Delayed development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as delayed puberty, due to inadequate levels of growth hormone and other growth-related factors. 3. **Delayed Bone Maturation**: Bones may not mature at the expected rate, leading to skeletal immaturity. **Adult Onset**: 1. **Reduced Bone Density**: Growth hormone deficiency in adults can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis. 2. **Decreased Muscle Mass and Strength**: Muscle mass may decrease, leading to reduced strength and endurance. 3. **Increased Fat Accumulation**: Growth hormone deficiency can result in increased fat accumulation, particularly around the abdomen. **Effects of Growth Hormone Hypersecretion (Excess)**: **Childhood Onset (Gigantism)**: 1. **Excessive Growth**: Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to gigantism, characterized by excessive linear growth and tall stature. 2. **Enlarged Organs**: Internal organs, including the heart, can become enlarged due to increased tissue growth. 3. **Joint and Muscle Problems**: Excessive growth can lead to joint pain, mobility issues, and muscle weakness. **Adult Onset (Acromegaly)**: 1. **Enlargement of Bones and Soft Tissues**: Excessive growth hormone secretion in adults results in acromegaly, characterized by enlargement of bones and tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, face, and jaw. 2. **Cardiovascular Issues**: Enlarged heart and increased risk of cardiovascular problems, such as high blood pressure and heart failure, due to the effects of excess growth hormone on the cardiovascular system. 3. **Metabolic Changes**: Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, which can lead to an increased risk of diabetes. 4. **Joint and Muscle Problems**: Joint pain, arthritis, and muscle weakness due to the abnormal growth of tissues around joints. **Differences in Effects Between Childhood Onset and Adult Onset**: 1. **Timing of Growth Plate Closure**: In childhood onset hypersecretion (gigantism), the excessive growth hormone acts on open growth plates in bones, resulting in increased linear growth. In adult onset hypersecretion (acromegaly), growth plates are closed, leading to bone thickening and enlargement of soft tissues. 2. **Physical Development**: Childhood onset hypersecretion affects physical development, leading to overall body growth and potentially causing organ enlargement. Adult onset hypersecretion mainly causes enlargement of existing tissues. 3. **Skeletal Effects**: In childhood onset hypersecretion, excessive growth can lead to joint and skeletal problems due to the rapid growth of bones. In adult onset hypersecretion, bone thickening and soft tissue enlargement can result in joint pain, arthritis, and related issues. 4. **Secondary Sexual Characteristics**: Growth hormone hypersecretion during childhood may lead to delayed or altered puberty. In adult onset hypersecretion, secondary sexual characteristics are already developed, and the focus is on changes related to bone and soft tissue growth. 5. **Diagnostic Challenges**: Hypersecretion effects are more noticeable in childhood due to rapid growth, while in adults, acromegaly might not be immediately recognized, leading to delayed diagnosis. Both growth hormone deficiency and excess can have significant impacts on overall health and quality of life. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to minimize the effects of these conditions.