Aristotle analyzed virtues into moral and intellectual virtues. Intellectual virtues are qualities of mind and character that promote intellectual flourishing, critical thinking, and the pursuit of truth. They include: intellectual responsibility, perseverance, open-mindedness, empathy, integrity, intellectual courage, confidence in reason, love of truth, intellectual humility, imaginativeness, curiosity, fair-mindedness, and autonomy. So-called virtue responsibilists conceive of intellectual virtues primarily as acquired character traits, such as intellectual conscientiousness and love of knowledge. Virtue reliabilists, by contrast, think of intellectual virtues more in terms of well-functioning mental faculties such as perception, memory, and intuition. Intellectual virtues are studied extensively in both critical thinking and virtue epistemology.
In the Posterior Analytics and Nicomachean Ethics he identified five intellectual virtues as the five ways the soul arrives at truth by affirmation or denial. These are then separated into three classes:
- Theoretical
- Sophia – wisdom (rational intuition and scientific knowledge directed toward the highest and most valuable objects)
- Episteme – scientific knowledge of objects that are necessary and unchanging
- Nous – rational intuition of first principles or self-evident truths
- Practical
- Phronesis – practical wisdom/prudence
- Productive
- Techne – craft knowledge, art, skill
Subjacent intellectual virtues in Aristotle:
- Euboulia – deliberating well, deliberative excellence; thinking properly about the right end.
- Sunesis – understanding, sagacity, astuteness, consciousness of why something is as it is. For example, the understanding you have of why a situation is as it is, prior to having phronesis.
- Gnomê – judgement and consideration; allowing us to make equitable or fair decisions.
- Deinotes – cleverness; the ability to carry out actions so as to achieve a goal.
