Alfarabi, The Political Writings Alfarabi

Footnotes

1. ^ Artistic impression of Farabi, in the Liber Chronicarumby Hartmann Schedel, finished in 1493 AD. Note that this woodcut is reused throughout the Nuremberg Chronicle, where it also represents Anaxagoras, Isocrates, Boethius and others.
2. ^ Currently Faryab in modern-day Afghanistan, and Farab, or Otrar in modern-day Kazakhstan → Balland, Daniel (January 24, 2012). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "Fāryāb ii. In Modern Times". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2023.; Bosworth, C.E. (July 20, 2002). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "Otrār". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 2 March 2023..
3. ^ a b c d Farabi's honorific title, the "Second Master" (Arabic: المُعَلّم الثاني, romanized: al-Mu‘allim al-thānī), is also interpreted as "Second Teacher" → Netton 1994, p. 99.
4. ^ a b c The Wikipedia entry Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir (Arabic: كتاب الموُسَيَقي الكِبَير, romanized: Kitāb al-mūsīqī al-kabīr), has the Great Book of Music; Grand, is according to the French translation, by Rodolphe d'Erlanger (La musique arabe, Tome I-II: Fārābī, Grand Traité de la Musique), and Madian (Language-Music Relationships in Fārābī's Grand Book of Music, PhD. diss., Cornell University, 1992) → Sawa 2012. N B {\displaystyle \mathrm {N} \!\!\mathrm {B} } : Musiqi, later Musiqa, is the Arabic term for music, the correct title of Farabi's book is as aforementioned with Romanization; Touma 1996, p. 10, has al-Musiqa, but Western scholarly works all have al-Musiqi → Farmer, Henry G. (1913–1936). "Mūsīḳī". In Martijn Theodoor Houtsma; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. III (1st ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 749b–755b (esp. p. 751b). doi:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4900. ISBN 90-04-08265-4.; Neubauer, Eckhard (February 20, 2009). Ehsan Yarshater (ed.). "Music History ii. ca. 650 to 1370 CE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 15 March 2023.; Wright, Owen (1954–2007) [1992]. "Mūsīḳī, later Mūsīḳā". In H. A. R. Gibb; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VII (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 681a–688b (esp. 682b). doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0812. ISBN 90-04-07026-5..
5. ^ a b c d e Virtuous City, has serveral names in Arabic: 1. (Arabic: آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة, romanized: Ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila); 2. (Arabic: مبادئ آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة, romanized: Mabādi’ ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila); 3. (Arabic: آراءُ اَهْلِ الْمَدینَةِ الْفاضِلَة والمضاداتها, romanized: Ārā’ ahl al-madīna al-fāḍila wa-lʼmuḍāddātihā); last name might appear in Eastern publications. In Western academic works, they as a rule interpret the final two words of the Arabic title (i.e., al-Madina al-fadila) into: Excellent State, Ideal State, Perfect State, and Virtuous City, the final name is most common. However, some scholars interpret the complete titles into 1. Opinions of The Citizens of The Virtuous City; 2. Principles of the Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City. Note that synonym(s) might be utilized as well (e.g., Ideal City, for Ideal State; or People, Inhabitants, for Citizens, etc.). I have included this tag to distinctive titles used within the article, thus the readers won't get confused.
6. ^ a b Enumeration of the Sciences, (Arabic: كتاب إحصاء العُلوُم, romanized: Kitāb iḥṣā’ al-‘ulūm), known in the Latin West as De scientiis, is the established English name of this book → Druart 2021, § 1. Former academic works may refer to it as Classification of Sciences; e.g., Madkour 1963–1966, p. 453.
7. ^ Epistle on the Intellect, or Treatise on the Intellect (Arabic: رسالة فى العقل, romanized: Risālah fi’l-‘aql), known in the Latin West as De intellectu → López-Farjeat 2020, § 4.
8. ^ The date of Farabi's birth is unknown → Gutas 2012a, § Life; Rudolph 2017, p. 537; Vallat 2020, p. 551a. Ibn Khallikan claims that Farabi died at the age of 80, meaning 80 Lunar, i.e., c. 78 Solar years, isn't/aren't any other source(s) to prove or disprove Ibn Khallikan's claim? Based on his statement, Henry Corbin, correctly, gives the date of Farabi's birth as c. 872; however, after the publication of the article by Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980, decisively giving c. 870–950, scholars followed suit till today. The date of Farabi's death is more precise.
9. ^ Alternative names include: Abunaser, Alfarabi, Avenassar, and Farabi.
10. ^ For the Syriac Aristotelian tradition → Watt, John W. (2015). "The Syriac Aristotelian Tradition and the Syro-Arabic Baghdad Philosophers". In Damien Janos (ed.). Ideas in Motion in Baghdad and Beyond: Philosophical and Theological Exchanges between Christians and Muslims in the Third/Ninth and Fourth/Tenth Centuries. Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts. Volume 124. Leiden: Brill. pp. 7–43. doi:10.1163/9789004306264_003. ISBN 978-90-04-30602-8. ISSN 0929-2403.
11. ^ Syriac Christian. Reisman doesn't define which branch of Eastern Christianity they belonged to. He only states: "This association with Christian scholarly circles in Baghdad links Farabi to the Syriac neo-Aristotelian tradition ..." → Reisman 2005, p. 53.
12. ^ Gutas 2012a, § Stories and Legends:

    In modern Turkish scholarship the pronunciation is given as Uzlug[h] (İA V, p. 451), without any explanation.

    → Kaya, Mahmut; Alaeddin Jebrini (1995). "Fârâbî: Ebû Nasr Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Tarhan b. Uzluğ el-Fârâbî et-Türkî (ِö. 339/950)". In Tahsin Yazıcı; et al. (eds.). İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).
13. ^ Once Farabi finished the Virtuous City and inserted the Chapter headings, later, somebody inquired him to include sections, summarizing the Chapters, and this he did in Cairo. These six Sections are referred to as Summery of the Virtuous City → Mahdi, Muhsin S. (1990). "Fārābī's Imperfect State". Journal of the American Oriental Society. CX (4): 691–726 (esp. pp. 720 ff.). doi:10.2307/602898. JSTOR 602898. S2CID 163394266..
14. ^ Epistle on the Necessity of the Art of Alchemy (Arabic: رسالة في وُجُوب صِنآعة الكيمياء, romanized: Risāla fī Wujūb ṣinā‘at al-kimiyā’) → Rudolph 2017, p. 571.
15. ^ A common abbreviated title of the book (Arabic: الجَمْعُ بَينَ رَأْيَيِ الْحَكيمَيْن, romanized: al-Jam‘ bayna ra’yay al-ḥakīmayn). Its full title is (Arabic: الجَمْعُ بَينَ رَأْيَيِ الْحَكيمَيْن‌ أفلآطوُن الإِلاهي وأرسطوُطآليس, romanized: al-Jam‘ bayna ra’yay al-ḥakīmayn aflāṭūn al-ilāhī wa-arisṭūṭālīs), Harmonization of the Opinions of the Two Sages the Divine Plato and Aristotle. Attribution of this text to Farabi is currently hotly debated → Druart 2021, § 7.

References

1. ^ Druart 2021, Intro; Corbin 1993, p. 158; Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980, p. 523a.
2. ^ Gutas 2012a, § Life; Rudolph 2017, pp. 538–539; Vallat 2020, p. 551b.
3. ^ Weber 2017, p. 169a.
4. ^ Druart 2021, Intro; Mahdi & Wright 1970–1980, p. 523a; Streetman 2014, p. 231a.
5. ^ Fakhry 2002, passim; Netton 1998, summary.
6. ^ Butterworth 2015, p. 2a; Daiber 1996, p. 848; Galston 1990, p. 5; Mahdi 2010, passim.
7. ^ Germann, Nadja (Spring 2021). "Farabi's Philosophy of Society and Religion". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
8. ^ Hodges, Wilfrid; Thérèse-Anne Druart (Winter 2020). "Farabi's Philosophy of Logic and Language". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
9. ^ López-Farjeat 2020.
10. ^ Menn, Stephen (Winter 2021). "Farabi's Metaphysics". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
11. ^ Mahdi 2000, passim.
12. ^ Fakhry 1994, pp. 78–85.
13. ^ Sawa 2012, passim.
14. ^ Madkour 1963–1966, pp. 452–453; Weber 2017, p. 169a.
15. ^ Dhanani 2007, pp. 356–357.
16. ^ Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "Farabi's Treatise on Certain Obscurities in Books I and V of Euclid's Elements". Journal for the History of Arabic Science. VIII (1–2): 31–42. ISSN 0379-2927.
17. ^ Janos, Damien (2012). Method, Structure, and Development in Fārābī's Cosmology. Islamic Philosophy, Theology and Science. Texts and Studies. Volume 85. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004217324. ISBN 978-90-04-20615-1. ISSN 0169-8729. S2CID 118794688.
18. ^ Druart 2021, § 5.
19. ^ Fakhry 2002, pp. 128 ff.; Gutas 2012b, passim; Reisman 2005, p. 52.
20. ^ Adamson 2016, p. 63; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1992, p. 1; Rudolph 2017, p. 596.
21. ^ Adamson 2016, p. 64; Gutas 2012b; Netton 1994, p. 101.
22. ^ Fakhry 2002, p. vii; Netton 1992, p. 1; Reisman 2005, p. 52.
23. ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. (2009). Historical Dictionary of Islam. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. No. 95 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-0-8108-6161-9.
24. ^ Adamson 2016, p. 63; Corbin 1993, p. 58; López-Farjeat 2020, Intro; Netton 1994, p. 99.
25. ^ Netton 1992, pp. 8–18.
26. ^ Corbin 1993, pp. 160–165.
27. ^ Fakhry 2002, pp. 136–146.
28. ^ Pessin, Sarah (Spring 2007). "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
29. ^ Vallat 2020, p. 553a.
30. ^ Brague, Rémi (1998). "Athens, Jerusalem, Mecca: Leo Strauss's "Muslim" Understanding of Greek Philosophy". Poetics Today. 19 (2): 235–259. doi:10.2307/1773441. ISSN 0333-5372. JSTOR 1773441.
31. ^ Zonta 2020, pp. 559b–562a.
32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gutas, Dimitri. "Farabi i. Biography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
33. ^ Reisman 2005, pp. 52–53.
34. ^ Daniel Balland, "Fāryāb" in Encyclopedia Iranica. excerpt: "Fāryāb (also Pāryāb), common Persian toponym meaning “lands irrigated by diversion of river water"
35. ^ Dehkhoda Dictionary under "Parab" Archived 2011-10-03 at the Wayback Machine excerpt: "پاراب . (اِ مرکب ) زراعتی که به آب چشمه و کاریز ورودخانه و مانند آن کنند مَسقوی . آبی . مقابل دیم" (translation: "Lands irrigated by diversion of river water, springs and qanats.")
36. ^ Lessons with Texts by Alfarabi. "D. Gutas, "AlFarabi" in Barthaolomew's World accessed Feb 18, 2010". Bartholomew.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-19.
37. ^ Reisman 2005, p. 53.
38. ^ F. Abiola Irele/Biodun Jeyifo, "Farabi", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Thought, Vol. 1, p. 379.
39. ^ Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب
40. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Aminrazavi. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his Tarikh al-hukama and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his Tabaqat al-atibba. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture"
41. ^ Arabic: و كان من سلاله فارس in J. Mashkur, Farab and Farabi, Tehran,1972. See also Dehkhoda Dictionary under the entry Farabi for the same exact Arabic quote.
42. ^ Fakhry 2002, p. 157.
43. ^ P.J. King, "One Hundred Philosophers: the life and work of the world's greatest thinkers", chapter al-Fārābi, Zebra, 2006. pp 50: "Of Persian stock, al-Farabi (Alfarabius, AbuNaser) was born in Turkestan"
    • Henry Thomas, Understanding the Great Philosophers, Doubleday, Published 1962
    • T. J. De Boer, "The History of Philosophy in Islam", Forgotten Books, 2008. Excerpt page 98: "His father is said to have been a Persian General". ISBN 1-60506-697-4
    • Sterling M. McMurrin, Religion, Reason, and Truth: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Religion, University of Utah Press, 1982, ISBN 0-87480-203-2. page 40.
    • Edited by Robert C. Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins. (2003). From Africa to Zen : an invitation to world philosophy. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 163. ISBN 0-7425-1350-5 "al-Farabi (870–950), a Persian,"
    • Thomas F. Glick. (1995). From Muslim fortress to Christian castle : social and cultural change in medieval Spain. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 170. ISBN 0-7190-3349-7 "It was thus that al-Farabi (c. 870–950), a Persian philosopher"
    • The World's Greatest Seers and Philosophers.. Gardners Books. 2005. pp. 41. ISBN 81-223-0824-4 "al-Farabi (also known as Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi) was born of Turkish parents in the small village of Wasij near Farab, Turkistan (now in Uzbekistan) in 870 AD. His parents were of Persian descent, but their ancestors had migrated to Turkistan."
    • Bryan Bunch with Alexander Hellemans. (2004). The history of science and technology : a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 108. ISBN 0-618-22123-9 "Persian scholar al-Farabi"
    • Olivier Roy, "The new Central Asia: the creation of nations", I.B.Tauris, 2000. 1860642799. pg 167: "Kazakhstan also annexes for the purpose of bank notes Al Farabi (870–950), the Muslim philosopher who was born in the south of present-day Kazakhstan but who presumably spoke Persian, particularly because in that era there were no Kazakhs in the region"
    • Majid Khadduri; [foreword by R. K. Ramazani]. The Islamic conception of justice. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, c1984.. pp. 84. ISBN 0-8018-6974-9 "Nasr al-Farabi was born in Farab (a small town in Transoxiana) in 259/870 to a family of mixed parentage — the father, who married a Turkish woman, is said to have been of Persian and Turkish descent — but both professed the Shi'l heterodox faith. He spoke Persian and Turkish fluently and learned the Arabic language before he went to Baghdad.
    • Ḥannā Fākhūrī, Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī ʻinda al-ʻArab, al-Duqqī, al-Jīzah : al-Sharikah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀlamīyah lil-Nashr, Lūnjmān, 2002.
    • ’Ammar al-Talbi, al-Farabi, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, vol. XXIII, no. 1/2, Paris, 1993, p. 353-372
    • David Deming,"Science and Technology in World History: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization", McFarland, 2010. pg 94: "Al-Farabi, known in Medieval Europe as Abunaser, was a Persian philosopher who sought to harmonize.."
    • Philosophers: Abu Al-Nasr Al-Farabi Archived 2016-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, Trinity College, 1995–2000
44. ^ George Fadlo Hourani, Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, Suny press, 1975; Kiki Kennedy-Day, Books of Definition in Islamic Philosophy: The Limits of Words, Routledge, 2002, page 32.
45. ^ Joshua Parens (2006). An Islamic philosophy of virtuous religions : introducing Alfarabi. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press. pp. 3. ISBN 0-7914-6689-2 excerpt: "He was a native speaker of Turkic [sic] dialect, Soghdian." [Note: Sogdian was an East Iranian language and not a Turkic dialect]
46. ^ Joep Lameer, "Al-Fārābī and Aristotelian syllogistics: Greek theory and Islamic practice", E.J. Brill, 1994. ISBN 90-04-09884-4 pg 22: "..Islamic world of that time, an area whose inhabitants must have spoken Soghdian or maybe a Turkish dialect..."
47. ^ مشكور، محمدجواد. “فاراب و فارابي“. دوره14، ش161 (اسفند 54): 15-20- . J. Mashkur, "Farabi and Farabi" in volume 14, No. 161, pp 15–12, Tehran,1972. [1] English translations of the arguments used by J. Mashkur can be found in: G. Lohraspi, "Some remarks on Farabi's background"; a scholarly approach citing C.E. Bosworth, B. Lewis, R. Frye, D. Gutas, J. Mashkur and partial translation of J.Mashkur's arguments: PDF. ولی فارابی فيلسوف تنها متعلق به ايران نبود بلكه به عالم اسلام تعلق داشت و از بركت قرآن و دين محمد به اين مقام رسيد. از اينجهت هه دانشمندانی كه در اينجا گرد آمده‌اند او را يك دانشمند مسلمان متعلق به عالم انسانيت مي‌دانند و كاری به تركی و فارسی و عربی بودن او ندارند.
48. ^ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781838609405. Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (ca. 870–950) was a renowned philosopher and scientist with a keen interest in the theory of knowledge. Probably a Sogdian from the great merchant city of Farab, now called Otrar, in southern Kazakhstan
49. ^ Druart 2021, Intro.
50. ^ B.G. Gafurov, Central Asia:Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times, (Shipra Publications, 2005), 124; "Abu Nasr El-Farabi hailed from around ancient Farabi which was situated on the bank of Syr Daria and was the son of a Turk military commander".
51. ^ Will Durant, The Age of Faith, (Simon and Schuster, 1950), 253.
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55. ^ Edited by Ted Honderich. (1995). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269. ISBN 0-19-866132-0 "Of Turki origin, al-Farabi studied under Christian thinkers"
    • Edited and translated by Norman Calder, Jawid Mojaddedi and Andrew Rippin. (2003). Classical Islam : a sourcebook of religious literature. New York: Routledge. pp. 170. ISBN 0-415-24032-8 "He was of Turkish origin, was born in Turkestan"
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    • Fernand Braudel; translated by Richard Mayne. (1995). A history of civilizations. New York, N.Y.: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-012489-6 "Al-Farabi, born in 870, was of Turkish origin. He lived in Aleppo and died in 950 in Damascus"
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89. ^ Reisman 2005, p. 61.
90. ^ Madkour 1963–1966, p. 461.
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96. ^ Black 1996, p. 184.
97. ^ Black 2005, p. 313; Reisman 2005, pp. 60–61.
98. ^ Black 1996, p. 185; Black 2005, p. 313.
99. ^ Black 1996, p. 187; Corbin 1993, p. 164.
100. ^ Corbin 1993, p. 162.
101. ^ Black 1996, p. 190.
102. ^ Butterworth 2005, p. 278.
103. ^ Black 1996, p. 191.
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