1 Which of these philosophers is a dogmatist, according to Kant? Gottfried Leibniz René Descartes David Hume Plato 2 Which of these philosophers proved that causation could not be experienced? Christian Wolff Aristotle Thomas Aquinas David Hume 3 Which of these is an a priori judgment? “Not all books are the same size.” ‘Some bachelors are named Richard.” “This table is heavy.” “2+2=4” 4 What kind of knowledge does metaphysics seek? synthetic a priori knowledge analytic a priori knowledge analytic a posteriori knowledge synthetic a posteriori knowledge 5 Which of these is an a priori, or pure, intuition? infinity a circle gravitation God 6 How is mathematics possible as a science? From the pure intuitions of time and space. By the common agreement of mathematicians. Through observation and induction. It’s not, it’s only informed conjecture. 7 Which is the definition of nature, according to Kant? the cognition of an object as being determined by a universal law organic matter like plants or trees inclination or instinct anything that isn’t human 8 Why is a subjective impression not universally valid? Because it only makes a claim about the perceiving subject. It is—in fact, it is the only form of certainty. Because we can’t be sure if other people are sensing the same thing. Because our senses are frequently in error. 9 Which of the following is not a category of relation? Causality Community Quantity Inherence 10 What is a judgment of experience? A judgment based on the simple facts of sensory experience. Induction from sensory experience to abstract generality. A judgment based on memory. A sensory perception linked with a category of the understanding. 11 What category of judgment is the statement, “This coffee is hot because it was just made?” Negative Affirmative Causal Modal 12 What is the relationship between the natural sciences and the understanding? The understanding grasps the laws inherent in things as they are. The natural sciences are derived from the pure categories of the understanding. There is none, natural science is based entirely on sensory experience. There is none, the natural science are derived from Reason. 13 Which faculty is responsible for us seeing that an object is red? Imagination Intuition Understanding Reason 14 Which faculty is responsible for linking sensory experiences? Reason Imagination Understanding Intuition 15 Which faculty is responsible for asking whether God exists? Reason Intuition Imagination Understanding 16 Why is metaphysics led so easily into error? Because the world is a confusing place. Because it can’t be verified by the senses. Because the human mind can’t attain truth. Because philosophers are so hungry for fame that they will tell the public what it thinks it wants to hear. 17 In what way does Reason intervene in the understanding? By positing moral obligations. By proving that nothing can be truly known. By proving that the universe is infinite. By proving that God exists. 18 Why can’t we know whether the universe is infinite or finite? Because it is finite, but we can’t travel to its edge to know for sure. Because it is both infinite and finite. Because space is a form of intuition, and not an attribute of objects themselves. Because it is in fact infinite, but our mind is finite. 19 Which of the following is not an Idea of Reason? Liberty God Causality Infinity 20 Why is moral obligation an Idea of Reason? Because following the moral law gives us a sense of satisfaction. Because it is self-contradictory and erroneous. Because it is more reasonable to follow moral laws than not to. Because it can’t be derived from experience. 21 What does Kant mean when he says that the natural sciences are limited? There are no questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. There are questions in the natural sciences that can’t be answered. They don’t answer the deeper spiritual needs of human life. The human mind is finite and can’t know everything. 22 Why can’t we have a purely intellectual proof of God’s existence? Because God exceeds the human intellect. Because using our intellect shows us that God does not exist. Because, though the proofs hold up, they are spiritually unsatisfying. Because to truly know God we would need to have sensory experience of Him. 23 What is critique, according to Kant? Maintaining a philosophical distance from commonly held ideas. Commentary on previous philosophers, showing how they might have improved their work. The use of rigorous logic. Using Reason to examine Ideas of Reason for internal contradictions. 24 What is the difference between metaphysics and common sense? Common sense is more practical and useful than metaphysics. Metaphysics can be grounded as a science, common sense can’t. There is no difference. Common sense is often error, whereas metaphysics is correct more frequently. 25 What must a proper critique do, according to Kant? Respond negatively to a preexisting philosophical work. Take a political stand against authority. Examine a concept or idea from with respect to each faculty. Examine a philosopher’s previous work.