Answer
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Emphysema & Acid - Base balance
- Emphysema leads to hyperventilation - CO2
retention - PaCO2 more than 44 mmHg.
- it causes the following :
1- Defective Ventilation :
creation of a pathological dead space, which
impaires normal mixing of gases & diffusion to
capillaries.
2- Diminished Perfusion from :
a- damage of the vessels or their vasoconstriction
( from Anoxia ).
b- disturbed Ventilation / Perfusion ratio in one
area.
3- additional effects : Air trapping
collapse & closure of bronchioles already
narrowed during expiration ( intrapleural
pressure rises ) causes air trapping in acini with
further interfere with mixing of gases.
Congestive Heart Failure & Acid-Base Balance
- Congestive Heart Failure ( left side failure ) leads to
arise in the pressure of the left atrium- which
causes back pressure in the pulmonary veins &
pulmonary congestion.
- pulmonary congestion - increased pulmonary
pressure - exudation occurs in Alveoli -
Pulmonary edema -obstruction of air passages
- lack of removal of CO2 - increased blood
H2CO3 - Respiratory Acidosis.
