Human Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321743261
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-326-8

Chapter 21 - The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses - Review Questions - Page 799: 25

Answer

-Vaccines produce : Active Humoral Immunity. - passive immunity is less satisfactory because : immunity is temporary they give rapid protection but immunity is a short lasting

Work Step by Step

Ways of Acquiring Specific Immunity - immunity may be acquired by the individual either actively or passively. 1- Active Acquired Immunity - on exposure to foreign antigen or infective agent the individual actively produces his own antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes. - immunity develops slowly, however it lasts for a long time due to development of immunologic memory. - it can be naturally acquired or artificially induced. a- Natural active : immunity occurs following clinical or sub clinical infections e.g. after measles or mumps, in which immunity is long lasting. b- Artificial active : immunity occurs after vaccination with live or killed infectious agents or their products. the different types of vaccinations are : - Killed vaccines e.g TAB vaccine for typhoid & paratyphoid Salk vaccine for poliomyelitis & rabies vaccine for rabies. - Living attenuated vaccines e.g. sabin vaccine for poliomyelities, the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, the 17-D vaccine for yellow fever & the MMR vaccine for measels, mumps & rubella. - Toxoids : these are vaccines prepared by detoxifying the toxins of some bacteria e.g. toxoid vaccines for diphtheria & tetanus. - Vaccines prepared from bacterial fractions e.g. meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. - Recombinant vaccines prepared by recombinant DNA technology e.g. hepatitis B virus vaccine. 2- Passive Acquired Immunity - in which ready made antibodies are transferred to an individual . - this gives rapid protection, however immunity is short lasting . - there are 2 types : a- Natural Passive Immunity : - as occurs when antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus through the placenta ( IgG ) or in the colostrum ( IgA ). - this type of immunity is responsible for protection of the new born against several diseases during the first 6 months after birth. b- Artificial Passive immunity : as in treatment or prophylaxis against several diseases , for example - injecting antitoxic serum in prophylaxis & treatment of diphtheria. - prophylactic injection of gamma globins to protect contacts of cases of measles or poliomyelitis
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