- 1992: Harvard University, Thomas T. Hoopes Prize for Most Way Home (Thesis/dissertation)
- 1993: National Poetry Series (selection) by Lucille Clifton for Most Way Home
- 1993: Ploughshares, John C. Zacharis First Book Prize for Most Way Home
- 2003: Patterson Poetry Prize[9]
- 2003: National Book Award (Poetry) (finalist) for Jelly Roll
- 2003: Los Angeles Times, Book Prize (Poetry) (finalist) for Jelly Roll
- 2003: Guggenheim Fellowship[18]
- 2007: Patterson Poetry Prize for Sustained Literary Achievement
- 2007: Quill Awards (Poetry) for For the Confederate Dead
- 2009: United States Artists, Fellow Award[19]
- 2009: Pat Conroy Southern Book Prize (Poetry) for Dear Darkness
- 2013: National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism (finalist) for The Grey Album[20]
- 2013: PEN/Open Book for The Grey Album[21]
- 2014: Claremont Graduate University, Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award for Book of Hours
- 2015: Black Caucus of the American Library Association Literary Award (Poetry) for Book of Hours
- 2015: Academy of American Poets, Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize for Book of Hours[10]
- 2016: American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 2016: National Book Award, Autobiography/Biography (Hardcover) (longlisted) for Blue Laws
- 2017: Thomas Wolfe Prize [22]
- 2017: Anisfield-Wolf Book Award in Nonfiction for Bunk
- 2017: Georgia Writers Hall of Fame Inductee[23]
- 2017: National Book Critics Circle Award (finalist) for Bunk
- 2017: PEN/Jean Stein Book Award (finalist) for Bunk
- 2021: T. S. Eliot Prize (shortlist) for Stones[24]
- 2024: Harvard Arts Medal[25]
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