Jonathan Swift: Poems Jonathan Swift

Swift was a prolific writer. The collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965–) comprises fourteen volumes. A 1983 edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major prose works

Swift's first major prose work, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at once wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its main thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations whatsoever. However, the sons soon find that their coats have fallen out of current fashion, and begin to look for loopholes in their father's will that will let them make the needed alterations. As each finds his own means of getting around their father's admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a series of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects.

In 1690, Sir William Temple, Swift's patron, published An Essay upon Ancient and Modern Learning a defence of classical writing (see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns), holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example. William Wotton responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Modern Learning (1694), showing that the Epistles were a later forgery. A response by the supporters of the Ancients was then made by Charles Boyle (later the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift's first biographer). A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris (1699). The final words on the topic belong to Swift in his Battle of the Books (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defence on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients.

In 1708, a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular almanac of astrological predictions. Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church officials, Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions for the Ensuing Year by Isaac Bickerstaff, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on 29 March. Swift followed up with a pamphlet issued on 30 March claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the contrary. According to other sources, Richard Steele used the persona of Isaac Bickerstaff, and was the one who wrote about the "death" of John Partridge and published it in The Spectator, not Jonathan Swift.

The Drapier's Letters (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted by the English government to William Wood to mint copper coinage for Ireland. It was widely believed that Wood would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in order to make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shopkeeper—a draper—to criticise the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the project that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though hardly a secret (on returning to Dublin after one of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in, although there was an unsuccessful attempt to prosecute the publisher John Harding.[46] Thanks to the general outcry against the coinage, Wood's patent was rescinded in September 1725 and the coins were kept out of circulation.[47] In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this as one of his best achievements.

Gulliver's Travels, a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook House in County Laois, was published in 1726. It is regarded as his masterpiece. As with his other writings, the Travels was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence between printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver's also-fictional cousin negotiating the book's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly thought of and published in bowdlerised form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift's experience of his times. Gulliver's Travels is an anatomy of human nature, a sardonic looking-glass, often criticised for its apparent misanthropy. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has adequately characterised human nature and society. Each of the four books—recounting four voyages to mostly fictional exotic lands—has a different theme, but all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the work as a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought.

In 1729, Swift's A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick was published in Dublin by Sarah Harding.[48] It is a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque arguments, recommends that Ireland's poor escape their poverty by selling their children as food to the rich: "I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food ..." Following the satirical form, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them:

Therefore let no man talk to me of other expedients ... taxing our absentees ... using [nothing] except what is of our own growth and manufacture ... rejecting ... foreign luxury ... introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance ... learning to love our country ... quitting our animosities and factions ... teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants. ... Therefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and the like expedients, till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them into practice.[49]

Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals

• "A Meditation upon a Broom-stick" (1703–10)
• "A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–11)[50]
• The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–09)
• "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–11): Full text
• The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788)): Text: Project Gutenberg
• The Examiner (1710): Texts: Project Gutenberg
• "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue" (1712): Full texts: Jack Lynch, U of Virginia
• "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1711)
• "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com
• "The Publick Spirit of the Whigs, set forth in their generous encouragement of the author of the crisis" (1714)
• "A Letter to a Young Gentleman, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
• "A Letter of Advice to a Young Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com
• Drapier's Letters (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg
• "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
• "A Modest Proposal", perhaps the most notable satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. (Written in 1729)
• "An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen"
• "A Treatise on Good Manners and Good Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com
• "A modest address to the wicked authors of the present age. Particularly the authors of Christianity not founded on argument, and of The resurrection of Jesus considered" (1743–45?)

Poems

• "Ode to the Athenian Society", Swift's first publication, printed in The Athenian Mercury in the supplement of Feb 14, 1691.
• Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two
• "Baucis and Philemon" (1706–09): Full text: Munseys
• "A Description of the Morning" (1709): Full annotated text: U of Toronto; Another text: U of Virginia
• "A Description of a City Shower" (1710): Full text: U of Virginia
• "Cadenus and Vanessa" (1713): Full text: Munseys
• "Phillis, or, the Progress of Love" (1719): Full text: theotherpages.org
• Stella's birthday poems:
  • 1719. Full annotated text: U of Toronto
  • 1720. Full text: U of Virginia
  • 1727. Full text: U of Toronto
• "The Progress of Beauty" (1719–20): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Full text: theotherpages.org
• "A Satirical Elegy on the Death of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text: U of Toronto
• "To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text: U of Toronto
• "Advice to the Grub Street Verse-writers" (1726): Full text: U of Toronto
• "The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" (1727)
• "On a Very Old Glass" (1728): Full text: Gosford.co.uk
• "A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk
• "The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton's Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk
• "On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text: U of Toronto
• "Death and Daphne" (1730): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): Full text at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009)
• "A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia
• "Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia Archived 30 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
• "Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch
• "The Day of Judgment" (1731): Full text
• "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." (1731–32): Full annotated texts: Jack Lynch, U of Toronto; Non-annotated text:: U of Virginia
• "An Epistle to a Lady" (1732): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text: U of Toronto
• "The Lady's Dressing Room" (1732): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch
• "On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)[51]
• "The Puppet Show"
• "The Logicians Refuted"

Correspondence, personal writings

• "When I Come to Be Old" – Swift's resolutions. (1699)
• A Journal to Stella (1710–13): Full text (presented as daily entries): The Journal to Stella; Extracts: OurCivilisation.com;
• Letters:
  • Selected Letters
  • To Oxford and Pope: OurCivilisation.com
• The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Edited by David Woolley. In four volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main; New York : P. Lang, c. 1999 – c. 2007.

Sermons, prayers

• Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: U of Adelaide, Project Gutenberg
• Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. II. on conscience. III. on the Trinity. Text: Project Gutenberg
• Writings on Religion and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two
• "The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org
• "The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. 6, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Miscellany

• Directions to Servants (1731): Full text: Jonathon Swift Archive
• A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1738)
• "Thoughts on Various Subjects." Full text: U of Adelaide Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• Historical Writings: Project Gutenberg
• Swift quotes at Bartleby: Bartleby.com – 59 quotations, with notes
• The Benefit of Farting Explained, published under the pseudonym Don Fartinando Puff-Indorst, Professor of Bumbast in the University of Crackow.[52]