References

Citations

All references to Titus Andronicus, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare (Waith), based on the Q1 text of 1594 (except 3.2, which is based on the folio text of 1623). Under its referencing system, 4.3.15 means act 4, scene 3, line 15.

^ Cook, Ann Jennalie (1981). The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691064543. Provides extensive information on the likes and dislikes of theatrical audiences at the time.
^ a b Massai (2001: xxi)
^ In the First Quarto of Titus Andronicus (1594), Aaron is spelt Aron, but in all subsequent quartos, and in the First Folio (1623), it is spelt Aaron. All modern editors adopt the latter spelling.
^ Huffman (1972: 735)
^ West (1982: 74)
^ Bate (1995: 19)
^ Spencer (1957: 32)
^ Jones (1977: 90)
^ Waith (1984: 35)
^ Waith (1984: 27–28)
^ Maxwell (1953: 92)
^ Waith (1984:36–37)
^ Kahn (1997: 70–71)
^ Waith (1984: 28–29)
^ Bate (1995: 93–94)
^ Bullough (1964: 24)
^ France Yates, Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975), 70–79
^ Bate (1995: 92)
^ A. C. Hamilton, The Early Shakespeare (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1967), 87
^ Quoted in Waith (1984: 87)
^ Hunter (1983b: 183)
^ Quoted in Waith (1984: 83)
^ Law (1943: 147)
^ For an extensive examination of the complex copyright history of the play and prose, see Adams (1936) and W. W. Greg, A Bibliography of the English Printed Drama to the Restoration, Volume 1: Stationers' Records, Plays to 1616 (London: Bibliographic Society, 1939)
^ Adams (1936: 8)
^ Dover Wilson (1948: viii)
^ Bullough (1966: 7–20)
^ Sargent (1971)
^ Mincoff (1971)
^ Metz (1975)
^ Hunter (1983a) and Hunter (1983b)
^ Waith (1984: 30–34)
^ Bate (1995: 83–85)
^ Massai (2001: xxix)
^ Hughes (2006: 10)
^ Bate (1995: 70)
^ "Titus Andronicus, 1600, f.1r". images.is.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ Maxwell (1953: xxvi)
^ See E.A.J. Honigmann, Shakespeare's Impact on his Contemporaries (London: Macmillan, 1982)
^ Hughes (2006: 6)
^ Jonathan Bate records only two printed plays prior to Q1 of Titus which mention more than one acting company; John Lyly's Sapho and Phao and Campaspe, with both plays advertised as performed by Queen's Men and Paul's Men (Bate; 1995: 75)
^ See Waith (1984: 8) and Massai (2001: xxiv)
^ Waith (1984: 8–10)
^ See Bate (1995: 75) and Hughes (2006: 3)
^ Massai (2001: xxiv)
^ Bate (1995: 66–79)
^ See Gary Taylor, "The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays", in Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery (eds.), William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 69–144
^ Foakes and Rickert (1961, xxx)
^ For more information on the theory of 1593 editing, see Dover Wilson (1948: xxxiv–xxxv) and Gary Taylor, "The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays", in Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery (eds.), William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 69–144
^ See Winifred Frazer, "Henslowe's "ne"", Notes and Queries, 38:1 (Spring, 1991), 34–35, and Vickers (2002: 149) for more information on this theory
^ Dover Wilson (1948: vii)
^ Andrew Murphy, Shakespeare in Print: A History and Chronology of Shakespeare Publishing (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 23
^ Esther Ferington (ed.), Infinite Variety: Exploring the Folger Shakespeare Library (University of Washington Press, 2002), 155
^ See Adams (1936: 19–25) for an extensive comparison between the four versions of the play: Q1, Q2, Q3 and F1. See also the various collations to the many modern editions of the play, such as Dover Wilson (1948), Maxwell (1953), Harrison (1958), Barnet (1963, 1989 and 2005), Cross (1966 and 1977), Waith (1984), Hughes (1994 and 2006), Bate (1995), MacDonald (2000) and Massai (2001)
^ Waith (1984: 27)
^ See for example June Schlueter, "Rereading the Peacham Drawing", Shakespeare Quarterly, 50:2 (Summer, 1999), 171–184 and Brian Vickers, Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 149–150.
^ For a thorough overview of the early critical history of the play, see Dover Wilson (1948: vii–xix).
^ Quoted in Bate (1995: 79)
^ Quoted in Bate (1995: 33)
^ A. W. Schlegel, Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature (London: George Bell & Sons, 1879), 442
^ T. S. Eliot, "Seneca in Elizabethan Translation", Selected Essays 1917–1932 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1950), 67
^ Dover Wilson (1948: xii)
^ Bloom (1998; 77–86)
^ Kott (1964: 27)
^ A. L. Rowse, Titus Andronicus; Contemporary Shakespeare Series (Maryland: University of America Press, 1987), 15
^ a b Julie Taymor, DVD commentary for Titus; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2000
^ "A conversation with Julie Taymor". Charlie Rose.com. 19 January 2000. Archived from the original on 29 March 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Forman, Jonathan (30 December 1999). "Lion Queen Tames Titus". New York Post.
^ Vickers (2002: 152n11)
^ Quoted in Waith (1984: 12)
^ See Vickers (2002: 150–156) for a summary of the pre-20th century pro- and anti-Shakespearean arguments.
^ Robertson (1905: 479)
^ Parrott (1919: 21–27)
^ Philip Timberlake, The Feminine Ending in English Blank Verse: A Study of its Use by Early Writers in the Measure and its Development in the Drama up to the Year 1595 (Wisconsin: Banta, 1931), 114–119
^ Vickers (2002: 137)
^ Sampley (1936: 693)
^ Price (1943: 55–65)
^ Dover Wilson (1948: xxxvi–xxxvii)
^ Hill (1957: 60–68)
^ Studies in Attribution: Middleton and Shakespeare (Salzburg: Salzburg University Press, 1979), 147–153
^ Shakespeare's Verse: Iambic Pentameter and the Poet's Idiosyncrasies (New York: P. Lang, 1987), 121–124
^ Jackson (1996: 138–145)
^ Chernaik (2004: 1030)
^ Vickers (2002: 219–239)
^ Carroll (2004)
^ Pruitt (2017)
^ Taylor and Duhaime (2017)
^ Freebury-Jones, Darren (2024). Shakespeare's Borrowed Feathers: How Early Modern Playwrights Shaped the World's Greatest Writer. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-7732-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ H. B. Charlton, Shakespearean Tragedy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949), 105
^ Waith (1984: 84n23)
^ Kendall, Gillian Murray (Autumn 1989). "'Lend Me Thy Hand': Metaphor and Mayhem in Titus Andronicus". Shakespeare Quarterly. 40 (3): 299–316. doi:10.2307/2870725. JSTOR 2870725.
^ Dover Wilson (1948: liii–liv)
^ Waith (1984: 61)
^ Nicholas Brooke, Shakespeare's Early Tragedies (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968), 306
^ "Cast Interviews". Royal Shakespeare Company. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
^ Taylor (1997: 149)
^ Bate (1995: 111)
^ Vickers (2002: 240)
^ Massai (2001: xxxi–xxxvi)
^ Palmer (1972: 321–322)
^ Shakespeare Survey, 41 (1988)
^ Dessen (1988: 60)
^ Massai (2001: xxxi)
^ Reese (1970: 78)
^ Kendall (1989: 300)
^ Sacks (1982: 587)
^ Waith (1984: 2)
^ Bate (1995: 70) and Hughes (2006: 13)
^ Ungerer (1961: 102)
^ Halliday (1964: 496–497)
^ Waith (1984: 8)
^ Dover Wilson (1948: xli)
^ Hughes (2006: 22)
^ Dessen (1989: 12)
^ Harcourt Williams, Old Vic Saga (London: Winchester, 1949), 51
^ Dessen (1989: 14)
^ Waith (1984: 50–51)
^ Dessen (1989: 15)
^ See Dessen (1989: 17–19) for a cross section of reviews concentrating on the music and Olivier.
^ J. C. Trewin, Shakespeare on the English Stage, 1900–1964 (London: Barry Rocklith, 1965), 235–237. An overview of the production can also be found in Dessen (1989: 14–23)
^ An overview of this production can be found in Dessen (1989: 33–35)
^ Quoted in Dessen (1989: 24)
^ New York Times, 10 August 1967
^ An overview of the production can be found in Dessen (1989: 24–29).
^ Massai (2001: lxxx)
^ An overview of the production can be found in Dessen (1989: 35–40).
^ A cross section of reviews of this production can be found in Dessen (1989: 48–50).
^ Hughes (2006: 42)
^ Bate (1996: 1)
^ An extensive overview of this production can be found in Dessen (1989: 57–70)
^ Hughes (2006: 47n1)
^ An overview of the production can be found in Dessen (1989: 40–44).
^ Stephen Pizzello, "From Stage to Screen", American Cinematographer, 81:2 (February 2000); available on R1 Special Edition DVD of Titus; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2000
^ All information on Doran’s production taken from Hughes (2006: 49).
^ An overview of this production can be found in Hughes (2006: 51–53)
^ a b Benjamin Secher (10 June 2006). "Death, mutilation – and not a drop of blood". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ "Titus Andronicus (2006)". British Universities Film & Video Council. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Philip Fisher (2006). "Titus Andronicus Review". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Rebecca Tyrrel (18 June 2006). "Tongueless in Stratford". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Ben Brantley (8 July 2006). "Shakespeare in War, More Timely Than Ever". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Pete Wood (2006). "Titus Andronicus Review". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Macaulay, Alastair (22 June 2006). "Titus Andronicus, Stratford-upon-Avon". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2013. (subscription required)
^ Eleanor Collins, "Titus Andronicus, directed by Lucy Bailey, The Globe, London, 31 May & 11 July 2006", Cahiers Élisabéthains, 70:2 (Autumn, 2006), 49–51
^ Spencer, Charles (1 June 2006). "The horror endures". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ Michael Billington (1 June 2006). "Titus Andronicus: Shakespeare's Globe, London". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ Sam Marlowe (1 June 2006). "Review of Titus Andronicus". The Times. Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ Benedict Nightingale (22 June 2006). "Review of Yukio Ninagawa's Titus Andronicus". The Times. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ Billington, Michael (22 June 2006). "Titus Andronicus: Royal Shakespeare theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ Neil Allan and Scott Revers, "Titus Andronicus, directed by Yukio Ninagawa for The Ninagawa Company, Royal Shakespeare Theatre, 21 June 2006", Cahiers Élisabéthains, Special Issue: The Royal Shakespeare Company Complete Works (2007), 39–41
^ Paul Taylor, "Review of Yukio Ninagawa's Titus Andronicus", The Independent (22 June 2006)
^ Agnès Lafont, "Mythological reconfigurations on the contemporary stage: Giving a New Voice to Philomela in Titus Andronicus", Early Modern Literary Studies, Special Issue 21 (2013)
^ "Titus Andronicus (2007 – Shakespeare Theatre Company)". Shakespeare Internet Editions. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Wingfield, Kate (12 April 2007). "Serving up Evil". Metro Weekly. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Dziemianowicz, Joe (1 December 2011). "Titus Andronicus has more than gore at the Public". New York Daily News. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Alice Jones (9 May 2013). "RSC's Titus Andronicus carries heavy warning as production ups the blood-squirting gore Tarantino-style". The Independent. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "Fear Blood Soaked Titus". The Jersey Journal. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
^ All information taken from Hughes (2006: 47–50). For more information on the Stein and Mesguich productions see Dominique Goy-Blanquet's "Titus resartus" in Foreign Shakespeare: Contemporary Performance, edited by Dennis Kennedy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 36–76.
^ See Dover Wilson (1948: xl–xli), Waith (1984: 7) and Bate (1995: 44–48) for more information on Tito Andronico.
^ Bate (1995: 47)
^ Dover Wilson (1948: lxviii)
^ Waith (1984: 45)
^ Hughes (2006: 25)
^ Hughes (2006: 26)
^ Halliday (1964: 399, 403, 497)
^ Detailed overviews of the various changes made by Ravenscroft can be found in Dover Wilson (1948: lxvii–lxviii), Dessen (1989: 7–11), Bate (1995: 48–54) and Hughes (2006: 21–24)
^ Waith (1984: 87); Dessen (1989: 11); Barnet (2005: 154)
^ Dessen (1989: 11–12) and Hughes (2006: 29)
^ Waith (1984: 49)
^ From The Era, 26 April 1857; quoted in Barnet (2005: 155)
^ Barnet (2005: 155)
^ Barnet (2005: 157)
^ All information taken from Lukas Erne, "Lamentable tragedy or black comedy?: Frederick Dürrenmatt's adaptation of Titus Andronicus", in Sonia Massai (editor), World Wide Shakespeare: Local Appropriations in Film and Performance (New York: Routledge, 2005), 88–94.
^ Waith (1984: 54)
^ Steve Earnst, "Anatomie Titus Fall of Rome at the Deutsches Theater", Western European Stages, (Winter, 2008)
^ Mechele Leon, Review, Theatre Journal, 58:2 (May 2006), 313–314
^ Sylvie Ballestra-Puech, "Violence and Melancholy in Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus, Botho Strauss' Rape and Sarah Kane's Blasted, Loxias, 31 (December 2010)
^ Croggon, Alison (29 November 2008). "Anatomy Titus: Fall of Rome Review". Theatre Notes. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Allan, Alice (13 October 2008). "Anatomy Titus: Fall of Rome Review". Australian Stage. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Yong Li Lan, "Tang Shu-wing's titus and the acting of violence", in Susan Bennett and Christie Carson (editors), Shakespeare Beyond English: A Global Experiment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 115–120
^ Dickson, Andrew (10 May 2012). "Titus Andronicus – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ Choy, Howard (23 January 2013). "Tang Shu-wing's Titus Andronicus 2.0 and a Poetic Minimalism of Violence". MIT Global Shakespeares. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
^ "Interpreting Her Martyr'd Signs". For Love and Duty Players. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
^ "A Sequel to Titus Andronicus". Playbill.
^ Hughes (2006: 47n2)
^ "Bunport Theater Review Archive". Bunport Theatre. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ O'Donnell, Sean Michael (21 August 2007). "Tragedy! A Musical Comedy Review". New York Theatre. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Cleverly, Casey (6 April 2007). "Tragedy! A Musical Comedy Review". The DoG Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ Brooke, Michael. "Titus Andronicus On Screen". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ José Ramón Díaz Fernández, "The Roman Plays on Screen: An Annotated Filmo-Bibliography", in Sarah Hatchuel and Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin (eds.), Shakespeare on Screen: The Roman Plays (Rouen: University of Rouen, 2008), 340
^ Mariangela Tempera, "Titus Andronicus: Staging the Mutilated Roman Body", in Maria Del Sapio Garbero, Nancy Isenberg and Maddalena Pennacchia (eds.), Questioning Bodies in Shakespeare's Rome (Göttingen: Hubert & Co., 2010), 115
^ Pascale Aebischer, Shakespeare's Violated Bodies: Stage and Screen Performance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 24–31
^ Jonathan Bate, "A Shakespeare tale whose time has come", The New York Times, 2 January 2000
^ Starks (2002: 122)
^ Courtney Lehmann, "Film Adaptations: What is a Film Adaptation? or, Shakespeare du jour", in Richard Burt (ed.), Shakespeares After Shakespeare: An Encyclopaedia of the Bard in Mass Media and Popular Culture, Volume One (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2006), 130
^ Chatterjee, Bornila (director), Naseeruddin Shah, Tisca Chopra, Neeraj Kabi (actors) (7 September 2017). The Hungry.
^ José Ramón Díaz Fernández, "The Roman Plays on Screen: An Annotated Filmo-Bibliography", in Sarah Hatchuel and Nathalie Vienne-Guerrin (eds.) Shakespeare on Screen: The Roman Plays (Rouen: Université de Rouen, 2008), 338
^ Susan Willis, The BBC Shakespeare: Making the Televised Canon (North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 30
^ For much factual information on this production, see Mary Z. Maher, "Production Design in the BBC's Titus Andronicus", in J. C. Bulman and H. R. Coursen (eds.), Shakespeare on Television: An Anthology of Essays and Reviews (New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1988), 144–150
^ Quoted in Barnet (2005: 159)
^ For more information on this production, see Dessen (1989: 44–48). For a detailed overview of the production process itself, see Susan Willis, The BBC Shakespeare: Making the Televised Canon (North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 292–314
^ Quoted in Dessen (1989: 44)
^ Mary Maher, "Production Design in the BBC's Titus Andronicus", in J. C. Bulman and H. R. Coursen (eds.), Shakespeare on Television: An Anthology of Essays and Reviews (Hanover: University Press of New England, 1988), 146
^ Anne Gossage, "'Yon Fart Doth Smell of Elderberries Sweet': South Park and Shakespeare", in Leslie Stratyner and James R. Keller (eds.), The Deep End of South Park: Critical Essays on TV's Shocking Cartoon Series (North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009), 50–52
^ All information in this section comes from the British Universities Film and Video Council

Editions of Titus Andronicus

Adams, Joseph Quincy (ed.) Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus: The First Quarto, 1594 (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1936)
Baildon, Henry Bellyse (ed.) The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1912)
Barnet, Sylvan (ed.) The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1963; revised edition, 1989; 2nd revised edition 2005)
Bate, Jonathan (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series; London: Arden, 1995)
Bate, Jonathan and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.) Titus Andronicus and Timon of Athens: Two Classical Plays (The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2008)
Cross, Gustav (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The Pelican Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1966; revised edition 1977)
Dover Wilson, John (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948)
Evans, G. Blakemore (ed.) The Riverside Shakespeare (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd edn., 1997)
Greenblatt, Stephen; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare (London: Norton, 1997)
Harrison, G.B. (ed.) The Most Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1958; revised edition, 1995)
Hughes, Alan (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; 2nd edition 2006)
Massai, Sonia (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2001)
Maxwell, J.C (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1953)
MacDonald, Russell (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)
Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John; Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan (eds.) The New Oxford Shakespeare (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016-17)
Waith, Eugene M. (ed.) Titus Andronicus (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)
Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.) The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd edn., 2005)
Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.) Titus Andronicus (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2005)

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——— . "The Authorship of Titus Andronicus", Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 42:1 (Spring 1943), 55–81
Pruitt, Anna. "Refining the LION Collocation Test: A Comparative Study of Authorship Test Results for Titus Andronicus Scene 6 (= 4.1)", in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 92-106
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