The Origin of Species Charles Darwin

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2. ^ a b c d e Freeman 1977
3. ^ a b c The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. In the 1872 sixth edition, "On" was omitted, so the full title is The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. This edition is usually known as The Origin of Species. The 6th is Darwin's final edition; there were minor modifications in the text of certain subsequent issues. See Freeman, R. B. "The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist." In Van Wyhe, John, ed. Darwin Online: On the Origin of Species, 2002.
4. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 477.
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62. ^ "Letter 2432 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 15 March (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 7 September 2010. It [geographical distribution] was nearly all written from memory
63. ^ "Letter 2339 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 12 (October 1858)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 17 January 2017. See letter to T. C. Eyton, 4 October (1858), in which CD first mentioned the possibility that his 'abstract' would form a small volume.
64. ^ a b "Letter 2437 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 28 March (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017. Would you advise me to tell Murray that my Book is not more un-orthodox, than the subject makes inevitable. That I do not discuss origin of man.— That I do not bring in any discussions about Genesis &c, & only give facts, & such conclusions from them, as seem to me fair.Darwin, C. R. proposed title page for Origin of species draft. (1859) APS-B-D25.L[.38] Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe
65. ^ a b c Desmond & Moore 2009, p. 306.
66. ^ "Letter 2439 — Darwin, C. R. to Lyell, Charles, 30 March (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
67. ^ "Letter 2441 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 31 March (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
68. ^ "Letter 2443 — Murray, John (b) to Darwin, C. R., 1 April 1859". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
69. ^ "Letter 2445 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 2 April (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
70. ^ "Charles Darwin and his publisher". Darwin Correspondence Project. 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
71. ^ "Letter 2447 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 5 April (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
72. ^ Darwin, C. R. [early draft title of Origin] On the mutability of species [& other notes] CUL-DAR205.1.70 Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by John van Wyhe
73. ^ "Letter 2457A — Elwin, Whitwell, to Murray, John (b), 3 May 1859". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
74. ^ "Letter 2459 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 6 May (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
75. ^ "Letter 2448 — Darwin, C. R. to Murray, John (b), 10 September (1859)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
76. ^ "Defining Evolution". National Center for Science Education. 24 August 2000. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
77. ^ Robert Bernasconi; Tommy Lee Lott (2000). The Idea of Race. Hackett Publishing. p. 54. ISBN 0-87220-458-8. The full title [of the book] employs the term 'race' only in the broad biological use of the word, which refers to varieties throughout organic life; however, speculation about the implications of his views specifically for the question of the human races began almost as soon as the book was published.
78. ^ Sober 2011, p. 45, Quote: "There nonetheless are a few cases in which Darwin does discuss selection processes in which groups are the units, and these will be the focus of the present chapter. But even here it does not matter whether the groups are from different 'races' or from the same race. It is nests of honeybees that compete with each other, and human tribes that compete with other human tribes. For Darwin, the question of group selection had nothing special to do with 'race.' Still, writing in the heyday of empire, Darwin saw European nations outcompeting the nations, kingdoms, and tribes that occupy the rest of the globe. In this one very salient example, Darwin did see races struggling with each other. In any event, the word race in Darwin's subtitle needs to be understood very broadly; it encompasses competition among individuals, competition among groups in the same 'race,' and competition from groups from different 'races.' This is a much broader meaning than the word 'race' tends to have today."
79. ^ Darwin 1859, p. 15
80. ^ the three instances of the phrase "races of man" are found on Darwin 1859, pp. 199, 382, 422
81. ^ Dupree, A. Hunter (1988). Asa Gray, American Botanist, Friend of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-8018-3741-8.
82. ^ Browne 2002, p. 89
83. ^ Darwin 1958, p. 122
84. ^ a b c Browne 2002, pp. 95–96
85. ^ Darwin 1861, p. xiii
86. ^ "Science ahead of its time: Secret of 157-year old Darwin manuscript". National University of Singapore News. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022. Darwin, C. R. (October 1865). "Signed autograph paragraph from Origin of species 3d ed. for Hermann Kindt". Darwin Online. Retrieved 25 November 2022. Introduction by John van Wyhe
87. ^ "Charles Darwin: Autographed document could fetch record price". BBC News. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
88. ^ "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection', or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." Spencer 1864, pp. 444–445
89. ^ a b Mivart 1871
90. ^ Browne 2002, p. 59
91. ^ Freeman 1977, pp. 79–80. "Evolution" in the transformist sense had been used by Charles Lyell in 1832, Principles of Geology vol 2, p. 11; and was used by Darwin in The Descent of Man in 1871, p. 2 onwards.
92. ^ a b Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 577, 582, 590, 592–593
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96. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, p. 492
97. ^ a b c Browne 2002, pp. 256–259
98. ^ a b Browne 2002, pp. 140–142
99. ^ a b Darwin Correspondence Project – The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 10: 1862, archived from the original on 5 June 2010, retrieved 6 March 2009
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102. ^ Ch. Darwin, Het ontstaan der soorten van dieren en planten door middel van de natuurkeus of het bewaard blijven van bevoorregte rassen in de strijd des levens, transl. by T.C. Winkler (Haarlem 1860) Source: Teyler, Winkler, Darwin Archived 2 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Lecture by Marijn van Hoorn Archived 6 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine MA at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group, Prague, 23 April 2009
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105. ^ Freeman 1977, p. 100
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107. ^ Darwin 1859, p. ii
108. ^ Phipps 1983
109. ^ Secord 2000, p. 510
110. ^ van Wyhe 2007, p. 197
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119. ^ a b David Reznick (2009) The Origin Then and Now, Princeton University Press, p.49.
120. ^ Winther, Rasmus G. (2000), "Darwin on Variation and heredity", Journal of the History of Biology" 33, pp. 425–455
121. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 44–59 Chap. II
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123. ^ a b Darwin 1859, pp. 60–61 Chap. III
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149. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 187–190
150. ^ Darwin & Costa 2009, pp. 194–199Darwin 1859, pp. 197–199, Quote: "We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries"
151. ^ Darwin & Costa 2009, p. 199Darwin 1874, p. vi, Quote: "… I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man."
152. ^ Desmond & Moore 2009, p. 310.
153. ^ Darwin 1859, p. 199
154. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 243–244
155. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 245–278
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171. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 484–488, Quote: "When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species, or when analogous views are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history. ..."
172. ^ Darwin 1859, p. 488Darwin 1871, p. 1, Quote: "… this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth."
173. ^ Darwin 1859, pp. 489–490
174. ^ a b Darwin 1860, p. 490
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185. ^ Quammen 2006, pp. 176–181
186. ^ Darwin & Costa 2009, p. ix
187. ^ a b c Carroll, Joseph (2003). On the Origin of Species / Charles Darwin. Broadview Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 1-55111-337-6. Following Darwin's lead, most commentators cite this one passage as the only reference to man in the Origin, but they thus overlook, as did Darwin himself, two sentences that are, in their own quiet way, even more effective.
188. ^ Browne 2007, p. 42, quoting Darwin, C. R. Notebook C (February to July 1838) pp. 196–197 "Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work worthy the interposition of a deity, more humble & I believe truer to consider him created from animals."
189. ^ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 412–441, 457–458, 462–463Desmond & Moore 2009, pp. 283–284, 290–292, 295
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191. ^ Darwin 1871, p. 488
192. ^ "Letter 2647 – Darwin, C. R. to Charles Lyell, 10 January (1860)". Darwin Correspondence Project. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
193. ^ For example, Browne 2002, p. 60, "In this book, he was completely silent on the subject of human origins, although he did refer in several places to mankind as an example of biological details. The only words he allowed himself—and these out of a sense of duty that he must somewhere refer to human beings–were gnomic in their brevity. 'Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history'."
194. ^ Darwin 1859, p. 64, Quote: "There is no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high a rate, that if not destroyed, the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair. Even slow-breeding man has doubled in twenty-five years, and at this rate, in a few thousand years, there would literally not be standing room for his progeny."
195. ^ van Wyhe 2008Darwin 1859, p. 434, Quote: "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?"Darwin 1859, p. 479, Quote: "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse … at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications."
196. ^ Darwin, C. R. Notebook C, CUL-DAR122.- Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker. (Darwin Online), notes from de Beer, Gavin ed. 1960. Darwin's notebooks on transmutation of species. Part II. Second notebook [C] (February to July 1838). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series 2, No. 3 (May): pp. 79
197. ^ Desmond & Moore 2009, pp. 139–141, quotes "our acquiring the instinct one notion of beauty & negroes another" from Darwin, C. R. Notebook M : [Metaphysics on morals and speculations on expression (1838)]. CUL-DAR125.- Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker, edited by Paul Barrett. (Darwin Online, p. 32
198. ^ Richards 2017, pp. 315, 323–324. Darwin concluded his notes on the Races of Men: 'Fuegians & Brazil, climate & habits of life so different good instance of how fixed races are, in face of very different external conditions. The slowness of any changes explained by constitutions selection & sexual selection'.
199. ^ Desmond & Moore 2009, pp. 290–291 Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 213 Chapter Vi On Natural Selection first draft, completed on 31 March 1857, [The outline of this original form of the chapter appears in the original table of contents] "63 [pencil addition] Theory applied to Races of Man."
200. ^ a b Darwin 1859, pp. 197–199
201. ^ a b Darwin 1871, p. 1, Quote: "During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views."
202. ^ See also Darwin 1958, pp. 130–131, Quote: "My Descent of Man was published in Feb. 1871. As soon as I had become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced that species were mutable productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing. Although in the Origin of Species, the derivation of any particular species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by the work in question 'light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history.' It would have been useless and injurious to the success of the book to have paraded without giving any evidence my conviction with respect to his origin."
203. ^ Darwin 1871, pp. 4–5, Quote: "During many years it has seemed to me highly probable that sexual selection has played an important part in differentiating the races of man; but in my 'Origin of Species' (first edition, p. 199) I contented myself by merely alluding to this belief."
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