CHAP. IV. When the master was unoccupied with business, his manner was easy and he looked pleased

Book IV concerns itself largely with the qualities of jen and what can and cannot be considered jen. Thus it also deals with the characteristics of a gentleman. Confucius lays out specific examples of what a gentleman should and should not do. This is a brief book when compared with some of the others in the text. It also touches briefly on matters of filial piety, specifically relating to periods of mourning when one's parents have passed and how long a son should continue in the path of his father after his father's death.