Human Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0321743261
ISBN 13: 978-0-32174-326-8

Chapter 21 - The Immune System: Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses - Review Questions - Page 799: 28

Answer

Cytokines are molecules--peptides, proteins , glycoproteins-- that modulate cell development, cell differentiation and immune system responses. Interferons (INF-A, INF-B) and interleukins (IL-1, IL-2), are two types of cytokines. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is released from macrophages and act on T-cells. The T-cells are stimulated to produce IL-2 which generates of more and more IL-2 receptors . IL-2 acts as a growth factor which promotes the rapid proliferation of activated T-cells.. Activated T-cells secrete several cytokines that accelerate and multiply adaptive ( as well as innate) immune responses.

Work Step by Step

Some well-studied cytokines are Interleukins 1, 2 and 17; Tumor Necrosis Factor; CD4 protein; and interferons alpha, beta and gamma. These cytokines aid immune processes in several ways: Interferon IL-1, secreted by macrophages (and thymocytes), activates T-cells and costimulates cytolysis.; IL-2 , from several sources (T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages), promotes cytotoxicity, and antibody production; tumor necrosis factor (TNF), from macrophages and T-cells, promotes inflammatory responses; CD4 protein aids in the activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs); in addition, Inteferon gamma (IFNy) helps in APC activation, and in the expression of MHC Class II molecules.
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