Answer
Adenylate cyclase, cAMP, and kinases are all molecules involved in the transduction of cellular signals that occur with the activation of a G-protein receptor. Each of these contribute to the function of the cell by triggering physiological changes within it, and allowing for communication both intracellularly and extracellularly.
Work Step by Step
G-protein receptors are peripheral proteins activated by first messenger molecules such as epinephrine, that require a series of physiological changes to happen in order to send a message to a specific part of the body. When G-proteins are activated, they relay the information received to another membrane protein known as adenylate cyclase. This protein removes two phosphate heads from ATP and converts it into a second messenger molecule called cyclic AMP (cAMP). Cyclic AMP activates enzymes known as kinases located in the cytosol of the cell, which later add phosphate groups to other enzymes creating a large-scale intracellular response. Without these important steps, cells wouldn't be able to fully communicate with each other, or even send signals within themselves.
