Chapter 21 - Section 21.2 - Nonspecific Resistance - Apply What You Know - Page 821: 1

The "cardinal signs" of inflammation are a set of classic manifestations that often accompany an inflammatory response. They include: 1. **Erythema (Redness):** This refers to the red appearance of the skin or affected area due to increased blood flow caused by dilation of blood vessels. Erythema is considered a sign of inflammation. 2. **Calor (Heat):** This refers to the warmth felt in the affected area due to increased blood flow and metabolic activity. Calor is considered a sign of inflammation. 3. **Tumor (Swelling):** This refers to the localized enlargement or swelling of the affected area due to the accumulation of fluid, cells, and inflammatory mediators. Tumor is considered a sign of inflammation. 4. **Dolor (Pain):** This refers to the pain or discomfort experienced in the affected area. Pain is considered a symptom of inflammation. The distinction between signs and symptoms in the context of inflammation is as follows: - **Signs:** Signs are objective observations that can be directly measured or seen by a healthcare professional. Erythema, calor, and tumor are signs because they are physical changes that can be visually assessed or quantified. - **Symptoms:** Symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient, such as pain, discomfort, or other sensations. Dolor (pain) is a symptom because it relies on the patient's description of their perception of pain. In summary, erythema, calor, and tumor are considered true signs of inflammation, as they are observable physical changes. Dolor (pain) is a symptom because it relies on the patient's subjective report of discomfort.

The "cardinal signs" of inflammation are a set of classic manifestations that often accompany an inflammatory response. They include: 1. **Erythema (Redness):** This refers to the red appearance of the skin or affected area due to increased blood flow caused by dilation of blood vessels. Erythema is considered a sign of inflammation. 2. **Calor (Heat):** This refers to the warmth felt in the affected area due to increased blood flow and metabolic activity. Calor is considered a sign of inflammation. 3. **Tumor (Swelling):** This refers to the localized enlargement or swelling of the affected area due to the accumulation of fluid, cells, and inflammatory mediators. Tumor is considered a sign of inflammation. 4. **Dolor (Pain):** This refers to the pain or discomfort experienced in the affected area. Pain is considered a symptom of inflammation. The distinction between signs and symptoms in the context of inflammation is as follows: - **Signs:** Signs are objective observations that can be directly measured or seen by a healthcare professional. Erythema, calor, and tumor are signs because they are physical changes that can be visually assessed or quantified. - **Symptoms:** Symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient, such as pain, discomfort, or other sensations. Dolor (pain) is a symptom because it relies on the patient's description of their perception of pain. In summary, erythema, calor, and tumor are considered true signs of inflammation, as they are observable physical changes. Dolor (pain) is a symptom because it relies on the patient's subjective report of discomfort.