Chapter 17 - Section 17.7 - Study Guide - Assess Your Learning Outcomes - Page 670: 7

**Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:** **1. Cause:** - **Type 1 DM (T1DM)**: T1DM is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The exact cause of this immune response is not fully understood, but genetic and environmental factors likely contribute. - **Type 2 DM (T2DM)**: T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and by reduced insulin production over time. Genetic factors, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and metabolic factors play a significant role in the development of T2DM. **2. Pathology:** - **T1DM**: In T1DM, the destruction of beta cells results in very little or no insulin production. Without sufficient insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to high blood glucose levels. This leads to the breakdown of fats and proteins for energy, causing the production of ketones, which can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). - **T2DM**: T2DM involves a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Initially, the pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for the resistance, but over time, the pancreas may not keep up with the demand, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. **3. Treatment:** - **T1DM**: - **Insulin Replacement**: Since people with T1DM lack insulin, insulin replacement therapy is essential. This is usually achieved through multiple daily injections or insulin pumps. - **Blood Glucose Monitoring**: Frequent blood glucose monitoring helps individuals adjust insulin doses to maintain optimal blood glucose levels. - **Lifestyle Management**: Healthy eating, regular exercise, and monitoring carbohydrate intake are important to manage blood glucose levels. - **T2DM**: - **Lifestyle Modifications**: Initial treatment often involves lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, regular physical activity, and healthy eating, to improve insulin sensitivity. - **Oral Medications**: If lifestyle changes are insufficient, oral medications may be prescribed to help manage blood glucose levels. These medications may enhance insulin sensitivity, increase insulin production, or slow down carbohydrate absorption. - **Insulin Therapy**: In some cases, T2DM may progress to the point where insulin therapy is necessary to manage blood glucose levels effectively. **4. Age of Onset:** - **T1DM**: Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but it can occur at any age. - **T2DM**: Historically known as "adult-onset diabetes," but it is increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents due to rising obesity rates. **5. Ketosis Risk:** - **T1DM**: Prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to the absence of insulin, leading to increased ketone production and acidosis. - **T2DM**: Not typically associated with DKA, but severe hyperglycemia can lead to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), which is characterized by extreme dehydration and high blood glucose levels. It's important to note that while there are clear distinctions between T1DM and T2DM, there can be variations and overlaps in individual cases. Both types of diabetes require careful management to prevent complications and maintain overall health. Medical guidance and regular check-ups are crucial for effective diabetes management.

**Differences Between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:** **1. Cause:** - **Type 1 DM (T1DM)**: T1DM is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The exact cause of this immune response is not fully understood, but genetic and environmental factors likely contribute. - **Type 2 DM (T2DM)**: T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and by reduced insulin production over time. Genetic factors, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and metabolic factors play a significant role in the development of T2DM. **2. Pathology:** - **T1DM**: In T1DM, the destruction of beta cells results in very little or no insulin production. Without sufficient insulin, glucose cannot enter cells, leading to high blood glucose levels. This leads to the breakdown of fats and proteins for energy, causing the production of ketones, which can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). - **T2DM**: T2DM involves a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Initially, the pancreas produces more insulin to compensate for the resistance, but over time, the pancreas may not keep up with the demand, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. **3. Treatment:** - **T1DM**: - **Insulin Replacement**: Since people with T1DM lack insulin, insulin replacement therapy is essential. This is usually achieved through multiple daily injections or insulin pumps. - **Blood Glucose Monitoring**: Frequent blood glucose monitoring helps individuals adjust insulin doses to maintain optimal blood glucose levels. - **Lifestyle Management**: Healthy eating, regular exercise, and monitoring carbohydrate intake are important to manage blood glucose levels. - **T2DM**: - **Lifestyle Modifications**: Initial treatment often involves lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, regular physical activity, and healthy eating, to improve insulin sensitivity. - **Oral Medications**: If lifestyle changes are insufficient, oral medications may be prescribed to help manage blood glucose levels. These medications may enhance insulin sensitivity, increase insulin production, or slow down carbohydrate absorption. - **Insulin Therapy**: In some cases, T2DM may progress to the point where insulin therapy is necessary to manage blood glucose levels effectively. **4. Age of Onset:** - **T1DM**: Often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but it can occur at any age. - **T2DM**: Historically known as "adult-onset diabetes," but it is increasingly diagnosed in children and adolescents due to rising obesity rates. **5. Ketosis Risk:** - **T1DM**: Prone to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) due to the absence of insulin, leading to increased ketone production and acidosis. - **T2DM**: Not typically associated with DKA, but severe hyperglycemia can lead to hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), which is characterized by extreme dehydration and high blood glucose levels. It's important to note that while there are clear distinctions between T1DM and T2DM, there can be variations and overlaps in individual cases. Both types of diabetes require careful management to prevent complications and maintain overall health. Medical guidance and regular check-ups are crucial for effective diabetes management.