Answer
a.
Californian: $[\mathrm{H}^{+}]\approx 6.3\times 10^{-4}$ M
Italian: $[\mathrm{H}^{+}]\approx 1.26\times 10^{-3}$ M
b. Californian red
Work Step by Step
(see p.381)
The $\mathrm{p}\mathrm{H}$ scale measures the acidity of a solution:$ \quad \mathrm{p}\mathrm{H}=-\log[\mathrm{H}^{+}]$
where $[\mathrm{H}^{+}]$ is the hydrogen ion concentration (in moles per liter, M).
Solutions are
neutral if $pH=7$
acidic if $pH < 7$
basic if $pH > 7$
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Solving for $[\mathrm{H}^{+}]$,
$pH=-\log[\mathrm{H}^{+}]\qquad /\times(-1)$
$\log[\mathrm{H}^{+}]=-pH\qquad /$... apply $10^{(...)}$ to both sides
$[\mathrm{H}^{+}]=10^{-pH}$
California red:
$pH=3.2\Rightarrow[\mathrm{H}^{+}]=10^{-3.2}\approx 6.3\times 10^{-4}$ M
Italian:
$pH=2.9\Rightarrow[\mathrm{H}^{+}]=10^{-2.9}\approx 1.26\times 10^{-3}$ M